Break bulk cargo :
Break bulk cargo is transported in bags, boxes, crates, drums, or barrels. Unit loads of items secured to a pallet or skid are also used, break bulk cargo or general cargo are goods that must be loaded individually, and not in inter-modal containers nor in bulk as with oil or grain. Ships that carry this sort of cargo are called general cargo ships.
There are many sorts of break bulk cargo but among them are:
Bagged cargo:
Bagged cargo (e.g. coffee in sacks) is stowed on double dunned and kept clear of the ship's sides and bulk heads.
Bags are kept away from pillars and stanchions by covering it with matting or waterproof paper.
Baled goods:
Baled goods are stowed on single dunnage at least 50 mm (1.97 in) thick. The bales must be clean with all the bands intact.
Stained or oily bales are rejected. All fibers can absorb oil and are liable to spontaneous combustion.
As a result, they are kept clear of any new paintwork. Bales close to the deckhead are covered to prevent damage by dripping sweat.
Barrels and casks:
Wooden barrels are stowed on their sides on "beds" of dunnage which keeps the middle of the side (the bilge) off the deck and they are stowed with the bung at the top.
To prevent movement, wedges called quoins are put in on top of the "beds".
Barrels should be stowed fore and aft and not athwart ships.
Once the first tier has been loaded the next tier of barrels fits into the hollows between the barrels, this is known as stowing "bilge and cant-line".
Barrels which are also known as casks or tuns are primarily use for transporting liquids such as wine, water, brandy, whiskey, and even oil.
They are usually built in spherical shape to make it easier to roll and have less friction when changing direction.
Corrugated boxes:
Corrugated box design is the process of matching design factors for corrugated fiberboard boxes with the functional physical, processing and end-use requirements.
Packaging engineers work to meet the performance requirements of a box while controlling total costs throughout the system.
Corrugated boxes are stowed on a good layer of dunnage and kept clear of any moisture.
Military and weather-resistant grades of corrugated fiberboard are available.
They are not over-stowed with anything other than similar boxes.
They are frequently loaded on pallets to form a unit load; if so the slings that are used to load the cargo are frequently left on to facilitate discharge.
Wooden shipping containers:
Wooden boxes or crates are stowed on double dunnage in the holds and single dunnage in the 'tween decks. Heavy boxes are given bottom stowage.
The loading slings are often left on to aid discharge.
Drums:
Metal drums are stowed on end with dunnage between tiers, in the longitudinal space of the ship
Paper reels:
Reels or rolls are generally stowed on their sides and care is taken to make sure they are not crushed.
Motor vehicles:
Automobiles are lifted on board and then secured using lashings. Great care is taken to prevent damage.
Vehicles are prepared by removing hazardous liquids (gasoline, etc.).
This is in contrast to ro-ro (roll-on/roll-off) vessels where vehicles are driven on and off the ship under their own power.
Steel girders:
Any long heavy items are stowed fore and aft. If they are stowed athwart ships they are liable to shift if the ship rolls heavily and pierce the side of the ship.
Break bulk cargo is transported in bags, boxes, crates, drums, or barrels. Unit loads of items secured to a pallet or skid are also used, break bulk cargo or general cargo are goods that must be loaded individually, and not in inter-modal containers nor in bulk as with oil or grain. Ships that carry this sort of cargo are called general cargo ships.
There are many sorts of break bulk cargo but among them are:
Bagged cargo:
Bagged cargo (e.g. coffee in sacks) is stowed on double dunned and kept clear of the ship's sides and bulk heads.
Bags are kept away from pillars and stanchions by covering it with matting or waterproof paper.
Baled goods:
Baled goods are stowed on single dunnage at least 50 mm (1.97 in) thick. The bales must be clean with all the bands intact.
Stained or oily bales are rejected. All fibers can absorb oil and are liable to spontaneous combustion.
As a result, they are kept clear of any new paintwork. Bales close to the deckhead are covered to prevent damage by dripping sweat.
Barrels and casks:
Wooden barrels are stowed on their sides on "beds" of dunnage which keeps the middle of the side (the bilge) off the deck and they are stowed with the bung at the top.
To prevent movement, wedges called quoins are put in on top of the "beds".
Barrels should be stowed fore and aft and not athwart ships.
Once the first tier has been loaded the next tier of barrels fits into the hollows between the barrels, this is known as stowing "bilge and cant-line".
Barrels which are also known as casks or tuns are primarily use for transporting liquids such as wine, water, brandy, whiskey, and even oil.
They are usually built in spherical shape to make it easier to roll and have less friction when changing direction.
Corrugated boxes:
Corrugated box design is the process of matching design factors for corrugated fiberboard boxes with the functional physical, processing and end-use requirements.
Packaging engineers work to meet the performance requirements of a box while controlling total costs throughout the system.
Corrugated boxes are stowed on a good layer of dunnage and kept clear of any moisture.
Military and weather-resistant grades of corrugated fiberboard are available.
They are not over-stowed with anything other than similar boxes.
They are frequently loaded on pallets to form a unit load; if so the slings that are used to load the cargo are frequently left on to facilitate discharge.
Wooden shipping containers:
Wooden boxes or crates are stowed on double dunnage in the holds and single dunnage in the 'tween decks. Heavy boxes are given bottom stowage.
The loading slings are often left on to aid discharge.
Drums:
Metal drums are stowed on end with dunnage between tiers, in the longitudinal space of the ship
Paper reels:
Reels or rolls are generally stowed on their sides and care is taken to make sure they are not crushed.
Motor vehicles:
Automobiles are lifted on board and then secured using lashings. Great care is taken to prevent damage.
Vehicles are prepared by removing hazardous liquids (gasoline, etc.).
This is in contrast to ro-ro (roll-on/roll-off) vessels where vehicles are driven on and off the ship under their own power.
Steel girders:
Any long heavy items are stowed fore and aft. If they are stowed athwart ships they are liable to shift if the ship rolls heavily and pierce the side of the ship.
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