Fundamental formulas in Geography

 Here are some fundamental formulas in geography:

Map Projections

1. *Scale*: Ratio of distance on map to actual distance

2. *Latitude*: φ = (90° - zenith angle)

3. *Longitude*: λ = (360° / 24) × (local time - Greenwich Time)

Distance and Direction

1. *Distance*: d = √((x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2)

2. *Bearing*: θ = arctan((y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1))

Geographic Coordinates

1. *Decimal Degrees*: DD = degrees + (minutes / 60) + (seconds / 3600)

2. *Degrees, Minutes, Seconds*: DMS = degrees° minutes' seconds"

Climate and Weather

1. *Temperature*: T = (9/5) × (°C) + 32 (Fahrenheit to Celsius)

2. *Humidity*: RH = (actual vapor pressure / saturation vapor pressure) × 100

3. *Wind Chill*: WC = 35.74 + (0.6215 × T) - (35.75 × (V^0.16)) + (0.4275 × T × (V^0.16))

Hydrology

1. *Discharge*: Q = A × v (flow rate)

2. *Water Budget*: P = ET + Q + ΔS (precipitation = evapotranspiration + runoff + change in storage)

Geomorphology

1. *Slope*: S = (rise / run) × 100

2. *Aspect*: A = arctan((dy / dx))

These formulas represent fundamental concepts in geography, including map projections, distance and direction calculations, geographic coordinates, climate and weather patterns, hydrology, and geomorphology.