Here are some fundamental formulas in geography:
Map Projections
1. Scale: Ratio of distance on map to actual distance
2. Latitude: φ = (90° - zenith angle)
3. Longitude: λ = (360° / 24) × (local time - Greenwich Time)
Distance and Direction
1. Distance: d = √((x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2)
2. Bearing: θ = arctan((y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1))
Geographic Coordinates
1. Decimal Degrees: DD = degrees + (minutes / 60) + (seconds / 3600)
2. Degrees, Minutes, Seconds: DMS = degrees° minutes' seconds"
Climate and Weather
1. Temperature: T = (9/5) × (°C) + 32 (Fahrenheit to Celsius)
2. Humidity: RH = (actual vapor pressure / saturation vapor pressure) × 100
3. Wind Chill: WC = 35.74 + (0.6215 × T) - (35.75 × (V^0.16)) + (0.4275 × T × (V^0.16))
Hydrology
1. Discharge: Q = A × v (flow rate)
2. Water Budget: P = ET + Q + ΔS (precipitation = evapotranspiration + runoff + change in storage)
Geomorphology
1. Slope: S = (rise / run) × 100
2. Aspect: A = arctan((dy / dx))
These formulas represent fundamental concepts in geography, including map projections, distance and direction calculations, geographic coordinates, climate and weather patterns, hydrology, and geomorphology.
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