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E-Commerce:- Electronic commerce, commonly known as E-commerce or eCommerce, is trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI),Electronic Funds Transfer(EFT), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle, although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail Electronic money or e-money, is an evolving term that can have different meanings but in principle involves the use of computer networks and digital stored value systems to store and transmit money. It may have official legal status or not. It may be historical, current or theoretical. The underlying principle of electronic money involves the us...

Multimedia refers to content that uses a combination of different content forms. This contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms. Categories of multimedia:-Multimedia may be broadly divided into 1.Linear and 2.Interactive (Non-linear). Linear active content progresses often without any navigational control for the viewer such as a cinema presentation. Non-linear uses interactivity to control progress as with a video game or self-paced computer based training. Hypermedia is an example of non-linear content. Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via an interaction with the presenter or performer. Components of multimedia:- 1) Co...

SSD  :- A solid-state driveis a data storage device using integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. SSD technology uses electronic interfaces compatible with traditional block input/output (I/O) hard disk drives, thus permitting simple replacement in common applications. SSDs have no moving (mechanical) components. This distinguishes them from traditional electromechanical magnetic disks such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or floppy disks, which contain spinning disks and movable read/write heads. SSDs are still roughly seven to eight times more expensive per unit of storage than HDDs. SSDs use NAND-based flash memory, which retains data without power. SSD includes a controller that incorporates the electronics that bridge the NAND memory components to the host computer. SSDs have no moving parts and therefore are basically silent, although electric noise from the circuits may occur. Susceptibility to environmental factors-No moving ...

The limitations of cookies :- 1) the cokkie specification says that  I) no cookie can exceed 4KB in size, II) only 20 cookies are allowed per domain , III) and a total of 300 cookies can be stored on the client side 2) There is no control over when the browsers actually expire cookies. Type juggling :- 1) The conversion of a value from one type to another is called casting. 2) This kind of implicit casting is called type juggling in PHP. Regular expressions:- 1) Definition :- A regular expression is a string that represents a pattern .The regular expression functions compare that pattern to another string and see if any of the string matches the pattern .Some functions tell you whether there was a match, while others make changes to the string. 2) PHP provides support for two different types of regular expressions : 1) POSIX and  2) Perl- compatible 3) POSIX regular expressions are less powerful and sometimes slower , than the Perl - compatible ...

Why design pattern? To make project new libraries are created. New classes can be used for further program i.e. Classes are reusable. Thus the problem which is reusable is design pattern. Definition Design Pattern Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment and then describes the code of the solution to that problem in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over without ever doing it the same way twice. Elements of design pattern :- 1) Pattern name 2) Problem 3) Solution 4) Consequences The person requires documentation for design pattern i.e. Describing design pattern. For this there are as follows:- 1) Pattern name and classification 2) Intent 3) Also known as ( different names for them e.g. Abstract class has user class name ) 4) Motivation ( why person problem to motivate for design pattern ) 5) Applicability ( Real life situations where used ) 6) Structure ( data structures ) 7) Participants ( o...

Cat 5 is required for basic 10/100 functionality, you will want Cat 5e for gigabit (1000BaseT) operation. The ethernet cable, are 8 color coded wires. These wires are twisted into 4 pairs of wires, each pair has a common color theme. One wire in the pair being a solid or primarily solid colored wire and the other being a primarily white wire with a colored stripe (Sometimes ethernet cables won't have any color on the striped wire, the only way to tell which is which is to check which wire it is twisted around). Examples of the naming schemes used are: Orange (alternatively Orange/White) for the solid colored wire and White/Orange for the striped cable. The twists are extremely important. RJ45 :- RJ-45 conductor data cable contains 4 pairs of wires each consists of a solid colored wire and a strip of the same color. There are two wiring standards for RJ-45 wiring: T-568A and T-568B. Although there are 4 pairs of wires, 10BaseT/100BaseT Ethernet uses only 2 pairs: Orange and Gr...

Data mining is the computational process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence,machine learning, statistics, and database systems. It is sometimes called Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) . The Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) process is commonly defined with the stages:     (1) Selection     (2) Pre-processing     (3) Transformation     (4) Data Mining     (5) Interpretation/Evaluation Data mining involves six common classes of tasks: 1)Anomaly detection (Outlier/change/deviation detection) – The identification of unusual data records, that might be interesting or data errors that require further investigation. 2)Association rule learning (Dependency modeling) – Searches for relationships between variables. For example a supermarket might gather data on customer purchasing habits. Using association rule learning, the supermarke...

1.Find the wrong number in the sequence: 52, 51, 48, 43, 34, 27, 16 (A) 27 (B) 34 (C) 43 (D) 48 Answer:- (B) 34 2.In a certain code ,PAN is written as 31 and PAR as 35,then PAT is written in the same code as (A) 30 (B) 37 (C) 39 (D) 41 Answer :- (B) 37 3.The letters in the first set have certain relationship. On the basis of this relationship,make the right choice for the second set :AF:IK: :LQ:? (A )MO (B) NP (C) OR (D) TV Answer :-(D) TV 4.If 5472=9, 6342=6, 7584=6,what is 9236? (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 Answer :- (A) 2 5.1 GB is equal to (A) 2 30 bits (B) 2 30 bytes (C) 2 20 bits (D) 2 20 bytes Answer :- (B) 2 30 bytes 6.The set of computer programs that manage the hardware/software of a computer is called (A) Compiler system (B) Operation system (C) Operating system (D) None of these Answer :- (C) Operating system 7.S/MIME in Internet technology stands for (A) Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (B) S...

Today's tablet computers sport touch screens ranging in size from 7- up to 13-inches. These dimensions are by no means static, and boundaries can be blurred as smartphones get larger displays Features of tablet :- I) Hardware :- 1. High-definition, anti-glare display 2. Wireless local area and internet connectivity (usually with Wi-Fi standard and optional mobile broadband) 3. Front- and/or back- facing camera(s) for photographs and video 4. Lower weight and longer battery life than a comparably-sized laptop 5. Bluetooth for connecting peripherals and communicating with local devices 6. Early devices had IR support and could work as a TV remote controller. 7. Docking station: Keyboard and USB port(s) Note:- Special hardware: The tablets can be equipped with special hardware to provide functionality, such as camera, GPS and local data storage. II) Software :- 1. Mobile web browser 2. Reader for digital books, periodicals and other content 3. Downloadable apps s...

The iPad is not a replacement for a laptop. Tablets are good at many things, but their abilities are a subset of a laptop's. You can't, for example, burn a music CD to listen to in the car, or a DVD of your latest home movie. It isn't particularly easy to print from an iPad, either, although it is possible in some apps (you can print an email, a document or a web page if you have a compatible printer). Features of iPad or Advantages of iPad:   1)Battery life: With an iPad, you'll be freed from the mains all day, since it will last for at least eight (if not 10 or 12) hours of constant use. 2)Portability and comfort: It's more comfortable to sit and use an iPad, it doesn't get too warm and there are no fans, unlike most laptops whose high-pitched fans can drive you to distraction. 3)Touchscreen interface : You can type very fast on the iPad's virtual, on-screen keyboard.The iPad's interface is, in general, hugely intuitive. 4)Instant on and con...

 The heating up of the earth surface due to trapping of infrared radiations reflected by earth's surface by CO 2 layer in the atmosphere is called green house effect. Some major green house gases and their sources: Gas Sources Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) 1)Fossil fuel combination (coal,oil,natural gas) 2) Deforestation and land use changes Methane (CH 4 ) 1) Enteric fermentation in cattle and insects. 2) Biomass burning and garbage land fills 3) Leakage of gases from coal mines and natural gas. 4) Rice paddies 5) Swamps and tundra Chloro fluoro carbon (CFC'S) 1) Plastic foams 2) Refrigeration and air-conditioning 3) Aerosols (spray propellants) CFC' 4) Industrial solvents Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 1) Fertilizer use 2) Fossil fuel combustion 3) Biomass burning 4) Changing land use An increase in average temperature  of the earth's atmosphere due to green house effect which can have effects on climate and key life, support system of planet. An ...

Definition Logarithm : If m= a x , where a>0 ,a not equal to 1 , m>0 then x is called the logarithm of m to the base a and is written as x = log a m, where m, a, x are real numbers. Laws of logarithms: 1. Law of Product: log (A.B) =log A +log B 2. Law of Quotient : log(A/B) =log A - log B 3. Law of Exponent : log m n = n log m Properties: 1)We have m = a x if and only if x = log a m. 2)Logarithms of negative numbers and zero are not defined. 3) a 0 =1 Hence, 0 = log a 1 i.e. logarithm of 1 to any base is always zero. 4) a 1 =a Hence , 1 = log a a i.e. logarithm of any number to the same base is 1. 5) x = log a a x 6) If log a m = log a n then m = n 7)If a>1 and m>n then log a m > log a n and conversely. Write logarithm form: 1) 5 3 = 125 Solution: 3 = log 5 125   (By definition of logarithm) 2) 8 3 =512 Solution: 3 = log 8 512   (By definition of logarithm) Express in exponential form: 1) log 2 128 = 7 ...

Difference between Static RAM Dynamic RAM. Static RAM Dynamic RAM 1. SRAM 1. DRAM 2. It retains it levels so no require refreshing 2. It requires some refreshing. 3. Power consumption is more 3. Power consumption is less. 4. Speed is fast. 4. Speed is less. 5. Package density is low. 5. Package density is high. 6. Size can't be increase. 6. Size can increase. 7. More expensive. 7. Less expensive. 8. Made up of 6 CMOS transistors(MOSFET). 8. Made up of a MOSFET and a capacitor. Difference between RISC and CISC processors/controllers. RISC CISC 1. It stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computing. 1. It stands for Complex Instruction Set Computing. 2. Lesser number of instructions. 2. Greater number of Instructions 3. Instruction pipe-lining and increased execution speed. 3. Generally no instruction pipe-lining feature. 4. Orthogonal instruction set. 4. Non-Orthogonal instruction set. 5. Operations are performed on register only, the only memory operations ...

Education is a continuous process.In the new education system , more emphasis is put on the student and his learning abilities.The learning process has been given its due importance as compared to the teaching process.Hence, it is the aim of all the teaching aids like diagrams,charts,video clips,slides,etc. and methods to make the learning process simple,effective and enjoyable .In fact,rectification of all the queries  and difficulties of a student and motivating him to acquire higher and higher knowledge is the true aim of an education system. Computers programs can also be developed to test a particular skill and knowledge of a student . Nowadays , some of the examinations are conducted on the computer itself and the results are declared within minutes. Hence the traditional evaluation methods can be replaced by automated evaluation methods. Moreover,depending on the results of the evaluation,computers can also suggest the methods to improve the skill and knowledge of the st...

The way we have different editions of a book ,a programming language also advances by each version . BASIC also has many versions. John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz originally developed it at Dartmouth College around the mid -1960 s.It soon became very popular because of its simplicity .Later ,others followed it and developed MS-BASIC,GWBASIC, BASICA and QBASIC.Initally ,Micrisoft Corporation developed MS-BASIC. Writing programs and getting results was a slow process  and to overcome this limitation ,Microsoft developed its faster version QBASIC .Full form of QBASIC is Quick Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is simple and easily available. QBASIC has an inbuilt editor .Editor helps in creating ,editing and storing text program files.We can create ,execute and debug a program without leaving QBASIC which speeds up our work. How to start QBASIC : It can be started as stated below : 1.By double clicking QBASIC icon on the desktop ,if it exists on the desktop . 2....

1)Specify any one type of charts available in spreadsheet.   Answer:   Bar graph, Column graph, Pie chart, Line graph, etc. 2)Give any one built-in function of spread sheet.   Answer:  SUM(range) : This function returns the sum of all the numbers in the list of arguments. Example: =SUM(A2:E2) 3)What are macros in ESS?   Answer:  Macro is a small program that caries out pre-defined series of steps by giving a few keyboard shortcuts. Macro is like a batch file created in dos. It contains a series of commands. When a macro is called and run, the instructions given in it are executed one by one. 4)Differentiate between MAX( ) and MIN( ) built-in functions in a spread sheet.   Answer:   MAX(num 1, num 2,……) : Returns the largest value in a set of values. Example: =MAX(15, 25, 8, 14) returns 25 MIN(num 1,num 2……) : Returns the lowest value in a set of values. Example: =MIN(15, 25, 8, 14) returns 8 5)Explain briefly built in func...

What is motherboard ?  Or Short Note on motherboard. Answer:- 1)Motherboard specifically refers to a printed circuit board(PCB) with expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, or other forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards, cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components . 2)It is the main circuit board in a computer. 3)A motherboard provides a way for hardware in a computer to communicate with each other. 4)The term mainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in televisions, washing machines and other embedded systems. 5)An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This c...

1. Find the smallest number which when diminished by 3,is exactly divisible by 21,28,36 and 45.   Answer:-   1263   2.If we multiply a fraction by itself and divide the product by its reciprocal , we get 1826/27. Find the original fraction. Answer :-   2  2                            3 3. By what least number must 21,600 be multiplied to make it a perfect cube? Answer :-  10 4.Solve   0.5 * 0.05 * 0.005 * 50 Answer:-  0.006250 5. The value of a machine depreciates at the rate 10% every year. It was purchased 3 years ago.If its present value is Rs 8,748 , find its purchase price. Answer :-  Rs 12,000 6. On a journey across Delhi , a taxi averages 30 kmph for 60% of the distance,20kmph for 20% of it and 10 kmph for the remainder. Find the average speed for the whole journey. Answer:-  20 km ...

1. Name the components of CPU Answer: a) ALU    b) PC   c) Accumulator   d) MAR   e) IR    f) ID   g) MDR 2. What is the use of registers in CPU? Answer: It is used to store intermediate data and instructions. 3. What is the function of MAR? Answer: It specifies the address of memory location from which data or instruction is to be accessed or to which the data is to be stored. 4. What is the function of MDR / MBR? Answer: It contains the data to be written into or read from memory location addressed by MAR. 5. What is program counter? Answer: It keeps track of the memory address of the instruction that is to be executed next. 6. What is the function of IR? Answer: It contains the instruction that is being executed. 7. What is the purpose of Instruction Decoder? Answer: It decodes the instructions. 8. What is a data bus? Answer: It carries a word to or from memory. ...

1. What is a function? Answer:- A function is a small segment of the program(sub program) designed to perform a specific task and return a result to the main or calling program. 2. What are the different types of functions supported in “C” language? Answer:- C supports two types of functions. They are 1. Built-in / Library functions 2. User defined functions 3. What are library functions? Answer:- Some of the operations are programmed and stored in C library so that they can be called in the program. These functions are called as library functions. Eg : printf(), sqrt(), pow() 4. What is a user defined function? Answer:- A user-defined function is a complete and independent program unit, which can be used(or invoked) by the main program or by other sub-programs. 5. Mention the need for a function Answer:- If there are a number of statements that are repeatedly needed in the same program at different locations,then a function may be used. 6. What do you mean by a calling ...