Difference between Static RAM Dynamic RAM.
| Static RAM | Dynamic RAM |
| 1. SRAM | 1. DRAM |
| 2. It retains it levels so no require refreshing | 2. It requires some refreshing. |
| 3. Power consumption is more | 3. Power consumption is less. |
| 4. Speed is fast. | 4. Speed is less. |
| 5. Package density is low. | 5. Package density is high. |
| 6. Size can't be increase. | 6. Size can increase. |
| 7. More expensive. | 7. Less expensive. |
| 8. Made up of 6 CMOS transistors(MOSFET). | 8. Made up of a MOSFET and a capacitor. |
Difference between RISC and CISC processors/controllers.
| RISC | CISC |
| 1. It stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computing. | 1. It stands for Complex Instruction Set Computing. |
| 2. Lesser number of instructions. | 2. Greater number of Instructions |
| 3. Instruction pipe-lining and increased execution speed. | 3. Generally no instruction pipe-lining feature. |
| 4. Orthogonal instruction set. | 4. Non-Orthogonal instruction set. |
| 5. Operations are performed on register only, the only memory operations are load and store. | 5. Operations are performed on register or memory depending on the instruction. |
| 6. A large number of registers are available | 6. Limited number of general purpose register. |
| 7. Programmer needs to write more code to execute a task since the instruction are simpler ones. | 7. Instructions are like macros in C language. A programmer can achieve the desired functionality with a single instruction. |
| 8. Single, fixed length instructions. | 8. Variable length instructions |
| 9. Less silicon usage and pin count. | 9. More silicon usage since more additional decoder logic as required. |
| 10. With Harvard Architecture. | 10. Can be Harvard or Von- Neumann Architecture. |
Difference between microprocessor and micro-controller.
| Microprocessor | Micro-controller |
| 1.A silicon chip representing a central processing unit (CPU), which is capable of performing arithmetic as well as logical operations according to a pre defined set of instructions. | 1.A micro-controller is a highly integrated chip that contains a CPU, scratchpad RAM, special and general purpose register arrays, on chip ROM / FLASH memory for program storage, timer and interrupt control units and dedicated I/O ports. |
| 2.It is a dependent unit .It requires the combination of other chips like timers, program and data memory chips, interrupt controllers, etc. for functioning. | 2.It is a self-contained unit and it doesn't require external interrupt controller , timer , UART , etc. for its functioning. |
| 3.Most of the time general purpose in design and operation . | 3.Mostly application-oriented or domain - specific. |
| 4. Doesn't, contain a built in I/O port.The I/O port functionality needs to be implemented with the help of external programmable peripheral interface chips like 8255. | 4.Most of the processor contain multiple built-in I/O ports which can be operated as a single 8 or 16 or 32 bit port or as individual port pins. |
| 5.Targeted for high end market where performance is important. | 5.Targeted for embedded market where performance is not critical. |
| 6.Limited power saving options compared to micro-controllers. | 6.Includes lot of power saving features. |
Difference between Harvard Architecture and Von-Neumann Architecture.
| Harvard Architecture | Von-Neumann Architecture. |
| 1.Separate buses for instruction and data fetching. | 1.Single shared bus for instruction and data fetching. |
| 2.Easier to pipeline , so high performance can be achieved . | 2. Low performance compared to Harvard architecture |
| 3.Comparatively high cost. | 3. Cheaper |
| 4.No memory alignment problems. | 4. Allow self modifying codes. |
| 5.Since data memory and program memory are stores physically in different locations, no chances for accidental corruption of program memory. | 5. Since data memory and program memory are stores physically in the same chip , chances for accidental corruption of program memory. |
