Fundamental formulas in Geography

 Here are some fundamental formulas in geography:

Map Projections

1. Scale: Ratio of distance on map to actual distance

2. Latitude: φ = (90° - zenith angle)

3. Longitude: λ = (360° / 24) × (local time - Greenwich Time)

Formulas in science

 Here are some fundamental formulas in science:

Physics

1. Newton's Second Law: 

F = ma

2. Gravity:

 F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2

3. Kinetic Energy: 

KE = (1/2) * m * v^2

4. Potential Energy: 

PE = m * g * h

5. Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence:

 E = mc^2

6. Momentum:

 p = m * v

7. Work:

 W = F * d

Chemistry

1. Avogadro's Law: 

V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

2. Boyle's Law: 

P1 * V1 = P2 * V2

3. Charles' Law: 

V1 / T1 = V2 / T2

4. Gay-Lussac's Law: 

P1 / T1 = P2 / T2

5. Mole Fraction: 

X = n / (n1 + n2 + ...)

Biology

1. Photosynthesis: 

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

2. Respiration: 

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

3. Mitosis: 

2n → 2n (cell division)

4. Meiosis: 

2n → n (gamete formation)

Earth Science

1. Plate Tectonics:

 Continental drift, sea-floor spreading

2. Weathering: 

Mechanical, chemical, biological

3. Erosion: 

Water, wind, ice, gravity

Astronomy

1. Kepler's Laws: 

Elliptical orbits, equal areas, harmonic motion

2. *Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation*: F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2

3. *Stellar Life Cycle*: Protostar, main sequence, red giant, white dwarf

These formulas represent fundamental concepts in various scientific disciplines.