लोकांना विसरु नका.

एक बाई मोलकरीण म्हणुन एका राजमहालात काम करत असते.

तिला लहान मुलगा असल्याने ती त्याला तिच्या सोबतच कामाला येतांना घेऊन यायची.

एक दिवस त्या मुलाला खेळता खेळता राजमहालात हिरा सापडतो,

तो मुलगा तो हिरा घेऊन पळत आईकडे जातो आणि सांगतो की, "आई बघ मला हिरा सापडला !"

मोलकरीण हुशार असते.
तिला वाटते, हा हिरा घेऊन आपण राजमहालाबाहेर जाऊ शकणार नाही !

ती मुलाला म्हणते, "नाही रे ! काच आहे, हा हिरा नाही.", असे म्हणुन ती तो हिरा बाहेर फेकुन देते.

काम आटोपल्यावर जेव्हा ती घरी जायला निघते तेव्हा ती तो हिरा सोबत घेऊन जाते.
मग ती तो हिरा सोनाराकडे घेऊन जाते. सोनाराला कळतं की, हिला हा हिरा कुठंतरी सापडला असणार,
हिला काय माहीत ? हा हिराच आहे ! म्हणुन तो सोनार तिला म्हणतो, "हा हिरा नाही, ही तर काच आहे!"

आणि असे म्हणुन तो पण तो हिरा बाहेर फेकुन देतो.

जेव्हा ती घरी जाते तेव्हा तो सोनार बाहेर जाऊन तो हिरा घेऊन येतो व जोहरीकडे घेऊन जातो.

जोहरी हिरा पाहतो, त्याला कळतं हा हिरा अनमोल आहे, त्याची नियत खराब होते.
तो हिरा घेतो आणि बाहेर फेकुन देतो आणि "काच आहे", असं म्हणतो.

जसा हिरा बाहेर पडतो तसे त्याचे तुकडे तुकडे होऊन जातात. हे सगळं एक वाटसरु लांबुन पहात असतो.
तो त्या हिऱ्याजवळ येतो आणि त्याला म्हणतो, "मोलकरीण आणि सोनार ह्या दोघांनी तुला दोन वेळा फेकलं तेव्हा तु तुटला नाही,
पण आता का तू तुटला ?"

हिरा म्हणतो, "जेंव्हा मोलकरीण व सोनाराने मला फेकले तेव्हा ते माझी खरी किंमत जाणत नव्हते.

परंतु जोहरी तर माझी किंमत जाणत होता तरी त्याने मला फेकले !
हा आघात मी सहन करुच शकलो नाही,
म्हणुन मी तुटलो."

मनुष्याच्या बाबतीत असेच होत असते, जे तुम्ही काय आहे हे जाणुन पण तुमचं मन तुडवतात तेव्हा तो आघात सहन करु शकत नाही.
म्हणुन कधीही आपल्या लोकांचं जराश्या स्वार्था करता मन तोडु नका...
आपल्या आजुबाजुची खुप सारी आपली माणसं
हिऱ्यासारखी असतात, त्यांच्या भावना व मन दुखवून त्यांच्या चांगल्या गुणांचे तुकडे तुकडे करू नका...
     गरज संपताच लोकांना विसरु नका.
🙏🏻🙏🏻

भारतीय

🌺🌺भारतीय🌺🌺

एकदा एक भारतीय नोकरीसाठी अमेरिकेत गेला. काही दिवस खटपट करून त्याला एका सुपर मॅालमध्ये सेल्समन म्हणून नोकरी मिळाली. मालकाने त्याला बोलावले व पूर्वानुभवाबद्दल चौकशी करून त्याला नोकरी दिली.

दुस-या दिवशी तो गृहस्थ कामावर आला. दिवसभर काम भरपूर करावं लागेल असे मालकाने सांगितले. मॅालची वेळ सकाळी आठ ते रात्री आठ अशी होती. पहिल्या दिवसाचे काम संपल्यावर मालक त्याच्याकडे आला व किती ग्राहक केले असे विचारले. त्या भारतीयाने सांगितले की फक्त एकच ग्राहक केला.

मालक चिडला व म्हणाला बाकीच्यांनी  प्रत्येकी पंधरा ते वीस ग्राहक केले आणि तू फक्त एक ! तुझा असा परफॅार्मन्स असेल तर मला तुझ्या बाबत विचार करावा लागेल.

मालक चिडूनच पुढे म्हणाले किती डॅालरचा व्यवसाय केलास ? कारण एका ग्राहकाकडून असे कितीसे मिळाले असतील...? असा विचार मालकाने केला. तो गृहस्थ म्हणाला दीड लाख डॉलर !

क्काय ! मालक जवळजवळ ओरडलाच ! बाकीचे सेल्समनही अचंबित झाले. मालक म्हणाले, काय विकलेस तू त्याला ?

तो म्हणाला एक मासे पकडायचा गळ विकला.

पण त्याचे एवढे पैसे कसे..?
मी त्याला फिशिंग रॅाडही विकला. मग गळाला लागणारे खाद्य  विकले. मासे जास्त जिथे मिळतात त्या ठिकाणचे पाणी खोल आहे व तो भाग दुर्गम आहे, त्यामुळे बोटीने जावे लागेल, म्हणून आपल्या बेसमेन्टमधल्या गोडावूनमधून एक डबल इंजीनवाली मोटरबोट विकली. तिकडे आठवडाभर रहाव लागेल म्हणून पुरेल एवढे खाद्य पदार्थ व दोन क्रेट बीयरही त्यालाच विकली सर ! एव्हाना मालकाचा ऊर आणि डोळे दोन्ही भरून आले होते.

मालक म्हणाले, कसला रे माणूस आहेस तू ? केवळ एक गळ विकत घ्यायला आलेल्या माणसाला तू हे विकून दाखवलेस...!

तो गृहस्थ म्हणाला, नाही सर, तो माणूस डोकेदुखीवरचे औषध व बाम  मागत होता. मी त्याला पटवून सांगितले की, डोकेदुखी घालवायची असेल तर फिशींग करा. आणि हे सर्व घडून आले.

मालक म्हणाले, आजपासून तू माझ्या खुर्चीत बस बाबा ! गुरु आहेस तू कुठे काम करत होतास भारतात !

तो म्हणाला, महाराष्ट्र राज्यात शिक्षक होतो !!!!
२०पेक्षा कमी पटसंख्या असलेल्या शाळा शासनाने बंद केल्यामुळे ईकडे आलो..........
😊😊😊😊😊😊😊

🌹भगवान 🌻शिव🌻के🌺१०० नाम

ऊँ🌻शिवः
ऊँ🌻सदाशिवः
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🌹भगवान 🌻शिव🌻के🌺१००🌺नाम🌹
  🌺ऊँ नमःशिवाय🌺

भारत माता की जय

🌿💕🌿 🌿💕🌿 🌿💕🌿
"परी हो तुम गुजरात की, रूप तेरा मद्रासी !
🌿💕🌿
सुन्दरता कश्मीर की तुम में, सिक्किम जैसा शर्माती !!
. 🌿💕🌿
खान-पान पंजाबी जैसा, बंगाली जैसी बोली !
🌿💕🌿
केरल जैसी आंख तुम्हारी, है दिल तो तुम्हारा दिल्ली !!
🌿💕🌿
महाराष्ट्र तुम्हारा फ़ैशन है, तो गोवा नया जमाना !
🌿💕🌿
खुशबू हो तुम कर्नाटक की, बल तो तेरा हरियाणा !!
🌿💕🌿
सीधी-सादी उड़ीसा जैसी, एम.पी. जैसा मुस्काना !
🌿💕🌿
दुल्हन तुम राजस्थानी जैसी, त्रिपुरा जैसा इठलाना !!
🌿💕🌿
झारखंड तुम्हारा आभूषण, तो मेघालय तुम्हारी बिन्दीया है !
🌿💕🌿
सीना तुम्हारा यू.पी है तो, हिमाचल तुम्हारी निन्दिया है !!
🌿💕🌿
कानों का कुंडल छत्तीसगढ़, तो मिज़ोरम तुम्हारी पायल है
🌿💕🌿
बिहार गले का हार तुम्हारा,
तो आसाम तुम्हारा आंचल है !!
🌿💕🌿
नागालैंड- आन्ध्र दो हाथ तुम्हारे, तो ज़ुल्फ़ तुम्हारा अरुणाचल है !
🌿💕🌿
नाम तुम्हारा भारत माता,
तो पवित्र तुम्हारा उत्तरांचल है !!
🌿💕🌿
सागर है परिधान तुम्हारा,
तिल जैसे है दमन-द्वीव !
🌿💕🌿
मोहित हो जाता है सारा जग,
रहती हो तुम कितनी सजीव !!
🌿💕🌿
अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीप,
पुष्पों का गुच्छ तेरे बालों में !
🌿💕🌿
झिल-मिल, झिल-मिल से लक्षद्वीप, जो चमक रहे तेरे गालों में !!
🌿💕🌿
ताज तुम्हारा हिमालय है,
तो गंगा पखारती चरण तेरे !
🌿💕🌿
कोटि-कोटि हम भारत वासियों का,
🌿💕🌿
स्वीकारो तुम नमन मेरे !!
जय हो।
🌿💕🌿
*भारत माता की जय।*
🌿💕🌿💕🌿💕🌿💕🌿 *15अगस्त स्वतंत्रता दिवस की अग्रिम शुभकामनाएं*🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳

ताकत और उपयोगिता

एक बादशाह अपने कुत्ते के साथ नाव में यात्रा कर रहा था । उस नाव में अन्य यात्रियों के साथ एक दार्शनिक भी था ।
.
कुत्ते ने कभी नौका में सफर नहीं किया था, इसलिए वह अपने को सहज महसूस नहीं कर पा रहा था । वह उछल-कूद कर रहा था और किसी को चैन से नहीं बैठने दे रहा था ।
.
मल्लाह उसकी उछल-कूद से परेशान था कि ऐसी स्थिति में यात्रियों की हड़बड़ाहट से नाव डूब जाएगी । वह भी डूबेगा और दूसरों को भी ले डूबेगा । परन्तु कुत्ता अपने स्वभाव के कारण उछल-कूद में लगा था । ऐसी स्थिति देखकर बादशाह भी गुस्से में था । पर, कुत्ते को सुधारने का कोई उपाय उन्हें समझ में नहीं आ रहा था ।
.
नाव में बैठे दार्शनिक से रहा नहीं गया । वह बादशाह के पास गया और बोला - "सरकार ! अगर आप इजाजत दें तो मैं इस कुत्ते को भीगी बिल्ली बना सकता हूँ ।" बादशाह ने तत्काल अनुमति दे दी । दार्शनिक ने दो यात्रियों का सहारा लिया और उस कुत्ते को नाव से उठाकर नदी में फेंक दिया । कुत्ता तैरता हुआ नाव के खूंटे को पकड़ने लगा । उसको अब अपनी जान के लाले पड़ रहे थे । कुछ देर बाद दार्शनिक ने उसे खींचकर नाव में चढ़ा लिया ।
.
--------------------
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वह कुत्ता चुपके से जाकर एक कोने में बैठ गया । नाव के यात्रियों के साथ बादशाह को भी उस कुत्ते के बदले व्यवहार पर बड़ा आश्चर्य हुआ । बादशाह ने दार्शनिक से पूछा - "यह पहले तो उछल-कूद और हरकतें कर रहा था, अब देखो कैसे यह पालतू बकरी की तरह बैठा है ?"
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दार्शनिक बोला -
"खुद तकलीफ का स्वाद चखे बिना किसी को दूसरे की विपत्ति का अहसास नहीं होता है । इस कुत्ते को जब मैंने पानी में फेंक दिया तो इसे पानी की ताकत और नाव की उपयोगिता समझ में आ गयी ।"
भारत में रहकर भारत को गाली देने वालों के लिए.....

कर्म करते चलो

रात के समय एक दुकानदार अपनी दुकान
बन्द ही कर रहा था कि एक कुत्ता दुकान में आया ..
,
उसके मुॅंह में एक थैली थी, जिसमें सामान की
लिस्ट और पैसे थे ...
,
दुकानदार ने पैसे लेकर सामान उस
थैली में भर दिया ...
,
कुत्ते ने थैली मुॅंह मे उठा ली और चला गया ...
,
दुकानदार आश्चर्यचकित होके कुत्ते के पीछे
पीछे गया ये देखने की इतने समझदार
कुत्ते का मालिक कौन है ....
,
कुत्ता बस स्टाॅप पर खडा रहा, थोडी देर बाद
एक बस आई जिसमें
चढ गया ..
,
कंडक्टर के पास आते ही अपनी गर्दन आगे
कर दी, उस के गले के बेल्ट में पैसे और
उसका पता भी था ..
,
कंडक्टर ने पैसे लेकर टिकट कुत्ते के गले के
बेल्ट मे रख दिया ..
,
अपना स्टाॅप आते ही कुत्ता आगे के दरवाजे पे
चला गया और पूॅंछ हिलाकर कंडक्टर
को इशारा कर दिया
और बस के रुकते ही उतरकर चल दिया ...
,
दुकानदार भी पीछे पीछे चल रहा था ...
,
कुत्ते ने घर का दरवाजा अपने पैरोंसे
२-३ बार खटखटाया ...
,
अन्दर से उसका मालिक आया और लाठी से
उसकी पिटाई कर दी ..
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दुकानदार ने मालिक से इसका कारण पूछा .. ??
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मालिक बोला .. "साले ने मेरी नींद खराब कर दी,
चाबी साथ लेके नहीं जा सकता था गधा"
,
,
,
,
जीवन की भी यही सच्चाई है ..
,
आपसे लोगों की अपेक्षाओं का
कोई अन्त नहीं है ..
,
जहाँ आप चूके वहीं पर लोग बुराई निकाल लेते हैं और पिछली सारी अच्छाईयों को भूल जाते हैं ..
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इसलिए अपने कर्म करते चलो, लोग
आपसे कभी संतुष्ट नहीं होएँगे।।
,
अगर दिल को छुआ हो तो शेयर जरूर कीजियेगा 👍
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THE MUSIC OF SOUND

THE MUSIC OF SOUND
Sound :
Sound is a form of energy which produces sensation of hearing in our ears.

Production of sound :
Sound is produce due ti vibrations of an object such as a stretched membrane or a string under tension.

Waves:
A wave is a disturbance movng through a medium when the particles of the medium set neighbouring particles in motion .A wave motion is a mode of transmission
of energy through the medium .A wave in ehich the particled of the medium oscillate (vibrate)about their mean positions in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wvae
propagation is called a transverse wave .
A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate (vibrate ) about their mean posiotions in a direction parallel to the direction of wave propagation is called a longitudinal wave.
The particles do not move from one part to another part of the medium.

Propagation of sound :
Sound requires a medium for propagation  .i.e. ,it cannot travel through vaccum. Sound propagetes in the fom of longitudinal waves.
As sound propagates through a medium,there is a change in the density and pressureof the medium.
Compressions are regions of highestpressure as well as highest density and rarefactions are regions of lowest pressure as well as lowest density.

 Range of hearing in humans :
The range of hearing in humans is from 20 Hz to 20000 Hz.

Infrasound and ultrasound:
The sound of frequency less than 20 Hz. is called infrasound and that of frequency more than 20000 Hz. is called ultrasound.
We cannot hear infrasound and ultrasound.
Ultrasound are used 1) to establish ship to ship communication
2)for welding plastic surfaces
3) to kill bacteria in liquids like milk to preserve them
4)in echocardiography
5) for imaging internal organs of the human body
6) in industry to clean parts of a machine
7) to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks.

Reflection of sound :
Sound waves follow the same laws of reflection as followed by light waves .
The directions in which sound is incident and reflected make equal angles with the normal to the reflecting surface at the point  of incidence and the three are in the same plane.

Echo and reverberation:
Repetition of sound due to reflection of original sound from a surface is called echo.
The sensation of sound persists in our brainfor about 0.1 second.
The speed of sound in air at 22 degree Celsius is 344 m/s.
Hence ,for hearing distinct echo ,the minimum distance of the reflecting surface from the souce of sound must be 17.2 m in air at 22 degree Celsius .
The persistence of sound due to repeated reflection of ssound in a big hall or an auditorium is called reverberation.

SONAR:
Sound Navigation And Ranging (SONAR) refers to determination of the distance and location underwater objects using ultrsonic waves.

The human ear :
The human ear converts pressure variations in air with audible frequencies into electrical signals that travel to the brain ,via th eauditory nerve.Hence ,we can hear sound.

Frequency = 1/ time period

Speed of sound = frequency  *  wavelength

Solid Waste : Ecofriendly Management

Solid Waste : Ecofriendly Management

Solid waste is any unwanted and discarded material created by human beings

Solid Waste Management :

1) Waste can be  a resource, if it is managed properly and wisely .
2) If disposed carelessly , it becomes a major source of pollution of soil and water .
3) Generation of solid waste can be linked with economic growth ,environmental degradation ,health hazards,pollution of air ,water and land and destruction of human habitat.
4) More than 5000,1700 and 900 tonnes of solid waste per day , is created in Mumbai , Pune and Nagpur respectively .Mismanagement of solid waste resulted in heavy floods of 26th July 2005 in Mumbai.
5) E-waste is generated by electronic goods like discarded computers , TV sets and  mobile phones.5 tonnes of e- wastes is generated daily in India.

Classification of solid waste:

1) Solid wastes can be classified according to the source of waste or according to its biodegrability.
2) According to source :
Domestic , industrial , hazardous, agricultural or garden, electronic, urban wastes and plastics ,are different types of solid waste.
3) Biodegradable or decomposable and nonbiodegradable or nonbiodegradable are two types of solid wastes.
4) Dry solid wastes and wet solid wastes are also two types of solid wastes.

Effects of improper management of solid wastes:

1) Loss of aesthetic effect or beauty.
2) Bad odour / smell.
3) Release of toxic gases.
4) Spread of diseases.
5) Environmental pollution- water and solid pollution.
6) Effect on bird diversity.
7) E- wastes:
Electronic wastes contains heavy metals such as lead , beryllium, mercury and cadmium. They remain accumulated in thr non- biodegradability causing adverse effects on human health and solid organisms.
8) Biomedical  wastes:
It is a highly infectious wastes due to the presence of pathogens. It can cause viral ,allergic , bacterial infections and skin diseases.
9) Plastic wastes:
It is a major concern of solid wastes mangement. The wide and irresponsible use of plastic, leads to choking of sewers. Hareful for solid microorganisms. Burning of plastics can also lead to toxic gas emissions.
10) Industrial wastes:
Dumping and burning of this hazardous wastes can cause air and water pollution.
11) Comman methods of solid wastes management:

• Collection of household wastes from door-to door as done by Municipalities.
• Land fill.
• Disposal in the sea.

12) stages of proper solid wastes disposal:

• 1) Wastes separation and segregation.
• 2) Transportation.
• 3) Ecofriendly methods
• 4) Compositing 
• 5)Vermicomposting
• 6) Secured landfill
• 7) Pyrolysis 
• 8) Energy recovery from domestic and industrial wastes.
• 9) Industrial solid wastes management 
• 10) Biomedical wastes management 
• 11) Incinerator

13) Role of industrial and good habits in management of solid wastes:

• 1) Following 3 ' R's - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
• 2) We should adopt good habits as far as should wastes managements is concerned.
• 3) By spreading social awareness and personal discipline, the problem of solid wastes disposal can be reduced.

QUALITY FOOD , QUALITY LIFE- revolution for food and animal husbandry

QUALITY FOOD , QUALITY LIFE

Revolution for food:

Food:

 Food is necessary for all living organisms . Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins are the important constituents of food. These growth , development and maintenance.

India needs more food grains to feed the ever increasing population .
Better methods to increase food production and better crops are therefore necessary.

Green Revolution:

By using better fertilizers ,better methods of irrigation and introduction of HYV (high yield variety) seeds to improve food production is known as Green Revolution .
This idea was generated by Dr. Norman Ernest Borlaug. Therefore he is known as "Father of the Green Revolution".

White Revolution:

Indian National Dairy and Development Board ( NDDB) started a programme called "Operation Flood". After this initiative, India became largest producer of milk and milk produces.
This movement is called the White Revolution . 

Prout. Verghese Kurien is known as "Father of the White Revolution ". 

Anand Milk Union Limited ( AMUL ) was the driving force behind the White Revolution.

Better crop yields:

1.Crops grown in rainy season is rice, while crop grown in winter season is wheat.
2.Cereals (rice, wheat , jowar), pulses ( gram, black, gram), oil seeds( groundnut mustard), fruits and vegetables etc. grown as fodder for livestock.
3.Crops depend upon climatic conditions, soil types, period of exposure to sunlight etc. Some crops are season specific.
4.Better variety of seeds , taking proper care of crop plants, protection of crops in pre and post harvest conditions increase the yield of the crops.

Better varity of seeds:

1.Hybridization involves cross breeding of two different varieties  of crop plants.
2. Such hybrid seeds produce crops which are having higher yields, better quality, better resistance to diseases and pests , short term period of maturation, etc . Such varieties aew called HYV or high yielding varieties.
3.Hybrid varieties:
i.Hybrid varieties of rice : Jaja, T141,etc.
ii.Hybrid varieties of wheat : Sona-lika ,Arjun ,Sonara 64, etc.

Taking better care croups:

The yield of crops depends upon there factors,viz. nutrients added to the soil, the methods irrigation and cropping pattern.

Nutrients :

Nutrients are minerals. Plants need some 16 different elements as nutrients:
Nature of nutrient :

1)Macronutrient (Nutrient required in large quantity) Examples-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus.
2)Micronutrient (Nutrient required in small amounts or traces) Examples- Iron, boron, copper, molybdenum zinc, manganese, chlorine.
Repeated cultivation decreases the nutrients are supplied to the soil by fertilizers and manures.

Manures : 

When the organic matters like cow dung, human wastes, plant residues ,etc . decompose , manure is fored. Manure replenishes the soil with essential elements and adds humans to the soil.
The addition of manure increases the fertility of the soil.

Fertilizers:

Fertilizers are used for enhancing the growth of the plants.
A chemical fertilizer is a chemical compound  containing nitrogen , phosphorus and potassium nitrogen , are of there types, viz . nitrogenous, phosphatic and potansic.

Type of fertilizer

1) Nitrogenous  Example- Ammonium sulphate, Urea, Ammonium nitrate
2) Phosphatic  Example - Super phosphate,Ammonium phosphate,Ammophos
3) Pattassic Example - Potassium chloride ,Potassium sulphate ,Potassium nitrate.
Though chemical fertilizer is necessary for getting good yield, its contant use makes the soil infertile. Ifis soulle in water and is readily available to the plant.
But it reduces the organic content of the soil and causes harm to natural microbial flora of the soil.
To avoid this organic farming is being done. In organic recycled farm increasing the fertility of the soil also for pest control.

Irrigation:

Irrigation means supplying water to crops through canals,well,,reservoirs,tube wells ,etc. Indian agriculture is mostly monsoon based . To overcome problems of inconsistent rains.irrigation methods are adopted.

Cropping pattern :

1.Mixed cropping or multiple cropping : Two or more crops are simultaneously grown in the samesoil.These crops support each other's growth and help in improving the soil condition. Example wheat and *chickpea or wheat and mustard .
2.Intercropping : Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land in a particular pattern is called intercropping .Example soyabean ,maize and tur.
3.Crop rotation :When different crops are grown alternately in the same field it is known as crop rotation .Legumes are grown in between the seasons of cereals.Crop rotation helps to improve the fertility off the soil.

Protection of crops before and after harvesting :

1. Pests , weeds and diseases cause harm to growing crops.Standing crops are heavily damaged due to pests such as insects ,mites,ticks,aphids,rats ,birds,etc.
2.Pestcicides are used to control the population of pest.
3.There are two methods of controls of pests ,viz. chemical control and biological control.
4.Chemical control:Chemical pesticides are used to kill the insects .Hand operated machine or power operated spray is used during chemical control.Fumigation or dusting are other two methods used in chemical control.
5.Biological control : Certain birds or insects or other living organisms which are predators of pests are deliberately released in the field so that they control the pest population .
This method though slow is highly specific and does not cause environmental problem .Example Scale insects were successfully controlled by lady birds in orange orchards in California.
6.Weeds are unwanted plants.Since they complete with the crop plants for nutrients ,space and sunlight,they should be controlled .Some common weeds are wild oats,grass and Amaranthus.
7.Plant diseases:
Crop
1)Bajra : :   disease - Ero got    : :  causative organism - Fungus
2)Rice : :   disease - Leaf spot    : :  causative organism - Fungus
3)Wheat : :   disease - Rust    : :  causative organism - Fungus
4)Banana : :   disease - Bunchy top    : :  causative organism - Virus
5)Tomato : :   disease - Wilt    : :  causative organism - Bacteria

Storage of food materials:

The stored food grains should not be harme d by biotic and abiotic factors.
1) Biotic factors :
i)Rodents ,birds and other animals
ii) Insects ,worms and microbe slike bacteria and fungi
iii) Action of enzymes.
2) Abiotic factors
i)Storage temperature
ii)Moisture content of food 
iii) Humidity of the surrounding
3)Due to proper storage the food remains available throughout the year and also in any part of the country.
4) Granaries: These are the ware-house where large quantities of food grains are stored .The FCI(Food Corporation of India) is one of the largest granaries in India

DATA STRUCTURE

DATA AND FILE STRUCTURES
DATA STRUCTURE
Data are represented by data values held temporanily within programme's data area or recorded permanently on a file . Often the different data values are related to each other.
To enable programmes to make use of these relationships, these data values must be in an organised form. The organised collection of data is called a data structure.
The programmers have to follow certain rules to access and process the structured datda . We may,therefore , say data are represented as:
Data Structure = Organised Data + Allowed Operations
There are standard data structures which are often used in their own right and can form the basis for complex data structures .
One such basic data structure called Array.
Arrays are building block for more complex data structures .Designing and using data structures is an important programming skill.

Asymptotic Notations :
Time and space complexity is measured in terms of asymptotic notations.
For example let us consider a program which stores n elements.
void store()
{
int i,n;
printf("enter the number of elements ");
scanf("d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
//store the elements
}
}

In the above program space is requiredd to store the executable code and to store the 'n' number of elements .
The memory that is required to store the executable code is static .
The memory required to store the 'n' elements depends on the value of  'n'.
The time depends on the value of 'n'.
The time required to execute the code also depends on the value of ' n'.
In the above program we have two executable statements printf and scanf.
Let us assume there are x statements in the for loop.
Then the time required to execute the program will be equal to x* n + 2.
'n' is the instance characteristics .
Asymptotic notation can describe the time and space complexity accurately for large instance characteristics.
Asymptotic notation will provide us with upper and/or lower time and space bounds for a given algorithm .
However what do you mean by upper and lower bounds?
--Upper bound will give the maximum time or maximum  space required for a program.
--Lower bound will give the minimum time or minimum space required.

Big Oh notation :
Definition: f(n) =O(g(n)) (read as "f of n equals big oh of g of n") iff (if and only if ) there exists two positive constants c and n0  such that
| f(n) | <= c | g(n) | for all n>= n0.
 Big Oh notation provides an upper bound for the function f. Consider f(n) to be the computing time of some algrothim where n is the number inputs,outputs,their sum or any one of them.
When we say that an algorithm has computing time O(g(n)) we mean that if the algorithm is run on any computer on the same type of data but for increasing values of n, the resulting time will always be less than some coanstant time g(n).
Let us consider an example to understand the above concept.
(1)  Linear Functions : Consider f(n) =5n + 2 .
When n is at least 2, 5n +2 <= 5n +n <= 6n.
So f(n) = O(n) .
Thus f(n) is bounded from above by a linear function.
We can arrive to the same conclusion in other ways.
For example , 5n + 2 <= 10n for n>=0.
Therefore we can also satisfy the definition of  big oh by selecting c=10 and n0 equal to any integer greater than zero.

(2) Quadratic Functions :Suppose that f(n) = 5n2 + 4n +2 .
We see that for n>= 2 , f(n) <= 5n2 + 5n.
Now we note that for n>= 5 , 5n<=5n2.
Hence for n>=n0=5,  f(n0<= 5n2 + n2 = 11n2.
Therefore f(n) = O(n2).

Omega Notation :
Definition : f(n) = omega ( g (n) )   ( read as "f of n is equal to omega of g of n )  iff positive constants c and n0 exists such that f(n) >= g n0 for all n ,n>=n0.
Omega notation provides the lower bound for function f.
f(n) = omega (g(n)) means f is at least c times the function g except when n is the smallest than n0.
For example suppose we have a linear function f(n) = 3n + 2 .
Now 3n consider a quadratic function f(n) =5n2 + 2n +2 then 5n2 + 2n + 2> 5n2 for n>=0 ,hence we can say f(n0) = omega (n2).


Theta Notation:
Definition : f(n0) = theta ( g (n) )   ( read as "f of n is equal to theta of g of n )
-  iff positive constants c1 and c2 and (n0) exists such that c1 g(n) <= f(n) <= c2 g (n) for all n ,n>=n0.
f(n) = theta (g(n)) means f lies between c1 times the function g and c2 times the function g except possibly when n is the smallest than (n0).
Here c1 and c2 are positive constants.
Thus g is both a lower and upper bound for a constants factor c on the value of f for all suitably large n.