Unix based Qs and ans

1. What are the events done by the Kernel after a process is being swapped out from the main memory? Answer :- 1.Kernel decrements the Reference Count of each region of the process. If the reference count becomes zero, swaps the region out of the main memory, 2.Kernel allocates the space for the swapping process in the swap device, 3.Kernel locks the other swapping process while the current swapping operation is going on, 4.The Kernel saves the swap address of the region in the region table. 2.Is the Process before and after the swap are the same? Give reason. Answer :- 1.Process before swapping is residing in the primary memory in its original form. The regions (text, data and stack) may not be occupied fully by the process, there may be few empty slots in any of the regions and while swapping Kernel do not bother about the empty slots while swapping the process out. 2.After swapping the process resides in the swap (secondary memory) device. The regions swapped out will be present but only the occupied region slots but not the empty slots that were present before assigning. 3.While swapping the process once again into the main memory, the Kernel referring to the Process Memory Map, it assigns the main memory accordingly taking care of the empty slots in the regions. 3.What is Fork swap? Answer :- "fork()" is a system call to create a child process. When the parent process calls "fork()" system call, the child process is created and if there is short of memory then the child process is sent to the read-to-run state in the swap device, and return to the user state without swapping the parent process. When the memory will be available the child process will be swapped into the main memory. 4.What are the entities that are swapped out of the main memory while swapping the process out of the main memory? Answer :- 1.All memory space occupied by the process, process's u-area, and Kernel stack are swapped out, theoretically. 2.Practically, if the process's u-area contains the Address Translation Tables for the process then Kernel implementations do not swap the u-area. 5.What is Expansion swap? Answer :- At the time when any process requires more memory than it is currently allocated, the Kernel performs Expansion swap. To do this Kernel reserves enough space in the swap device. Then the address translation mapping is adjusted for the new virtual address space but the physical memory is not allocated. At last Kernel swaps the process into the assigned space in the swap device. Later when the Kernel swaps the process into the main memory this assigns memory according to the new address translation mapping.

Install Windows

To install Windows XP operating system follow steps :-

Minimum System Requirements:-

• 300 MHz Intel or AMD CPU
• 128 megabytes (MB) of system RAM
• 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available drive space
• Super VGA (800x600) or higher display adapter
• CD or DVD-ROM
• Keyboard and mouse, or other pointing devices
• Network Interface Adapter required for Internet and Network Connectivity

Turn your computer on then press Del or F2 to enter the system BIOS
Go to Boot menu and choose Boot From CD/DVD.
Press F10 to save the configuration and exit BIOS then reset your computer.
Insert Windows XP DVD into your DVD drive then start up your computer,

Step 1:-Load the installer.
 Once your Boot Order is set, insert the Windows XP CD into your drive and Save and Exit from the BIOS. Your computer will reboot and you will be presented with the message: Press any key to boot from CD. Press any key on your keyboard to start the Setup program.
Setup will load files necessary to begin the installation, which may take a few moments. Once the loading is complete, you will be taken to the Welcome screen.


Step 2:- Press ENTER to begin installation.
Once the loading is complete, you will be taken to the Welcome screen. You are given several options, but if you are installing or reinstalling Windows XP, you’ll want to press ENTER to start the installation configuration.


Step 3 :-Read the License Agreement.
 This document tells you what you can and can’t do with Windows, and your rights as the consumer. After reading, press F8 indicating you agree to the terms.

Step 4 :- Select the partition you want to install on.

You will see a list of available partitions on your installed hard drives. If you are installing Windows XP on a new hard drive, you should see only one entry labeled "Unpartitioned space." If you have a previous version of Windows or Linux installed on your computer, you will potentially have multiple partitions.

Installing Windows XP will erase all of the data on the partition that you choose. Select a partition that is empty or that contains data that you do not care to lose.

You can delete your partitions with the “D” key. This will return them to “Unpartitioned space”. Any data on the partition will be lost when it is deleted

Step 5 :-Create a new partition.
 Select the Unparititioned space and press “C”. This will open a new screen where you can set the partition’s size from the available space. Enter the size in megabytes (MB) for the new partition and then press ENTER.

Step 6 :-Select your new partition.
 Once you’ve created your installation partition, you will be returned to the partition selection screen. Select your new partition, usually labeled "C: Partition 1 [Raw]" and press ENTER.

Step 7 :- Select "Format the Partition using the NTFS File System" and press ENTER.

Step 8:- Wait for the format and Setup files to copy and for for the installation to proceed.

Step 9:- Choose your language and region settings.Click the Next button when that is completed.Enter your full name if you want. This will be set as the “owner” of Windows, and will be attached to certain things, such as Document creation.

Step 10:- Enter your Product Key. You will not be able to complete the installation process without a valid Product Key. Click "Next" to continue.

Step 11:-Set your computer’s name. This will be the name that represents the computer on a network. Windows sets a default name, but you can change it if you would like. You can also set a password for the Administrator account. This is optional, but recommended for public computers.

Step 12:-Select your time zone. Ensure that the date/time are correct. Click "Next" to continue.

Step 13:- Choose your network settings.

Step 14:- Wait for the installation to finalize.
This will only take a few minutes, and the computer will reboot when it is finished installing. Once the computer reboots, you will be taken to the Windows XP desktop. At this point, installation is complete, though there are a few things left to do before Windows is completely usable.

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To install Windows 7 operating system follow these steps:-

Check Hardware requirements:-

• 1 GHz CPU with 32 bits or 64 bits
• 1 GB Ram for 32 bits or 2 GB Ram for 64 bits.
• 16 GB empty space hard disk for 32 bits or 20 GB for 64 bits.
• DVD drive

Step 1:-Turn your computer on then press Del or F2 (depend on your computer’s mainboard) to enter the system BIOS

Step 2:-Go to Boot menu and choose Boot From CD/DVD.

Step 3:-Press F10 to save the configuration and exit BIOS then reset your computer.

Step 4:- Insert Windows 7 DVD into your DVD drive then start up your computer, Windows 7 will be loading files.

Step 5:- Select these parts: Language to Install,Time and currency format, Keyboard or input method. Then click Next.

Step 6:-Choose Install Now if you want to install Windows 7. Choose the Windows 7 version that you want to install in 'Select the operating system you want to install' . Here we choose Windows 7 Ultimate then click next (depending on your Windows DVD, this step is an option).

Step 7 :-Click 'I accept the license terms' in 'Please read the license' then click Next.

Step 8:-Choose 'Upgrade' in 'Which type of installation do you want' if you want to upgrade from an older Windows version to Windows 7, 'Custom (advance)' if you want to install a new version of Windows.

Step 9:- Choose Partition for installation, if your computer has only one hard disk, it will be easy for selection, but if it has some Partition, you will have to consider which Partition to choose.

Step 10:-Wait for Installing Windows to progress. Your computer might be restarted during the process.

Step 11:- Type you’re a user account and computer name. After click Next.

Step 12:-Type a password for your account, you can also Type a password hint to help in case of forgetting the password in the future, and then click Next.

Step 13:-Type in activation code or key for your license in Product key box if you have any. Click Next.

Step 14 :-Choose how to protect your Windows. Here we choose Use recommended settings.

Step 15 :-Set up your Time zone then click Next.

Step 16:- Choose an option from 3 choices: Public Network, Work Network, Home Network. Choose Home Network for using Internet at home.