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Thursday, March 13, 2025

Punjabi alphabets, also known as Gurmukhi

Here are the Punjabi alphabets, also known as Gurmukhi:

Vowels (ਸਵਰ)

1. ਉਹ (Uha) - U

2. ਅ (A) - A

3. ਆ (Aa) - Aa

4. ਇ (I) - I

5. ਈ (Ii) - Ii

6. ਉ (U) - U

7. ਊ (Uu) - Uu

8. ਏ (E) - E

9. ਐ (Ai) - Ai

10. ਓ (O) - O

11. ਔ (Au) - Au

Consonants (ਵਿਅੰਜਨ)

1. ਕ (K) - K

2. ਖ (Kh) - Kh

3. ਗ (G) - G

4. ਘ (Gh) - Gh

5. ਙ (Ng) - Ng

6. ਚ (Ch) - Ch

7. ਛ (Chh) - Chh

8. ਜ (J) - J

9. ਝ (Jh) - Jh

10. ਞ (N) - N

11. ਟ (T) - T

12. ਠ (Th) - Th

13. ਡ (D) - D

14. ਢ (Dh) - Dh

15. ਣ (N) - N

16. ਤ (T) - T

17. ਥ (Th) - Th

18. ਦ (D) - D

19. ਧ (Dh) - Dh

20. ਨ (N) - N

21. ਪ (P) - P

22. ਫ (Ph) - Ph

23. ਬ (B) - B

24. ਭ (Bh) - Bh

25. ਮ (M) - M

26. ਯ (Y) - Y

27. ਰ (R) - R

28. ਲ (L) - L

29. ਵ (V) - V

30. ੜ (R) - R ( retroflex R)

31. ਸ (S) - S

32. ਹ (H) - H

33. ਼ (ੜ) - (special nasal sound)

34. ਾ (Aa) - (vowel modifier)

35. ਿ (I) - (vowel modifier)

36. ੀ (Ii) - (vowel modifier)

37. ੁ (U) - (vowel modifier)

38. ੂ (Uu) - (vowel modifier)

39. ੇ (E) - (vowel modifier)

40. ੈ (Ai) - (vowel modifier)

41. ੋ (O) - (vowel modifier)

42. ੌ (Au) - (vowel modifier)

43. ੳ (special sound)

44. ੴ (special sound)

Note: The Gurmukhi script is used to write the Punjabi language.

Sample science question paper for grade 10

Here's a sample science question paper for grade 10:

*Section A: Multiple Choice Questions*

1. What is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy?

a) Respiration

b) Photosynthesis

c) Decomposition

d) Fermentation

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a living organism?

a) Ability to conduct electricity

b) Ability to respond to stimuli

c) Ability to dissolve in water

d) Ability to rust

3. What is the largest planet in our solar system?

a) Earth

b) Saturn

c) Jupiter

d) Uranus

4. Which of the following types of rocks is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma?

a) Sedimentary

b) Igneous

c) Metamorphic

d) Foliated

5. What is the process by which water moves through a plant, from the roots to the leaves?

a) Respiration

b) Transpiration

c) Photosynthesis

d) Evaporation

*Section B: Short Answer Questions*

1. Describe the structure of a cell. (5 marks)

2. Explain the concept of natural selection. (5 marks)

3. What are the main differences between a producer and a consumer in an ecosystem? (5 marks)

*Section C: Long Answer Questions*

1. Describe the process of photosynthesis, including the reactants, products, and energy transformations involved. (10 marks)

2. Explain the concept of plate tectonics, including the different types of plate boundaries and the processes that occur at each. (10 marks)

*Section D: Practical Questions*

1. Describe an experiment to demonstrate the process of osmosis. (10 marks)

2. Draw a diagram of the human eye, labeling the different parts and describing their functions. (10 marks)

Note: The marks allocated to each question are indicative and may vary depending on the specific examination or assessment.

*******************************************************

Here are the answers to the sample science question paper:

*Section A: Multiple Choice Questions*

1. What is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy?

Answer: b) Photosynthesis

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a living organism?

Answer: b) Ability to respond to stimuli

3. What is the largest planet in our solar system?

Answer: c) Jupiter

4. Which of the following types of rocks is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma?

Answer: b) Igneous

5. What is the process by which water moves through a plant, from the roots to the leaves?

Answer: b) Transpiration

*Section B: Short Answer Questions*

1. Describe the structure of a cell.

Answer: A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. It consists of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA or RNA). The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of materials in and out. The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where many metabolic processes take place. The genetic material contains the instructions for the cell's growth, development, and function.

2. Explain the concept of natural selection.

Answer: Natural selection is the process by which populations of living organisms adapt and evolve over time in response to environmental pressures. It is based on the idea that individuals with certain traits or characteristics that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits on to their offspring.

3. What are the main differences between a producer and a consumer in an ecosystem?

Answer: Producers (such as plants and algae) are organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or other processes. Consumers (such as animals and fungi) are organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms or organic matter. Producers form the base of the food web, while consumers rely on producers for their energy and nutrients.

*Section C: Long Answer Questions*

1. Describe the process of photosynthesis, including the reactants, products, and energy transformations involved.

Answer: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose. The reactants are carbon dioxide, water, and light energy. The products are glucose and oxygen. The energy transformations involved are the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, and the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

2. Explain the concept of plate tectonics, including the different types of plate boundaries and the processes that occur at each.

Answer: Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's lithosphere is broken up into large plates that move relative to each other. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. At divergent boundaries, plates move apart and new crust is formed through volcanic activity. At convergent boundaries, plates collide and the Earth's crust is compressed, resulting in mountain building or volcanic activity. At transform boundaries, plates slide past each other horizontally, resulting in earthquakes.

*Section D: Practical Questions*

1. Describe an experiment to demonstrate the process of osmosis.

Answer: One way to demonstrate osmosis is to place a raisin in a glass of water and observe what happens over time. The raisin will absorb water through its skin and swell up, demonstrating the process of osmosis. This experiment can be modified by using different concentrations of sugar or salt solutions to observe the effects of osmosis on the raisin.

2. Draw a diagram of the human eye, labeling the different parts and describing their functions.

Answer: A diagram of the human eye should include the following parts: cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, macula, optic nerve, and vitreous humor. The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye. The lens is a clear, flexible structure behind the iris that changes shape to focus light on the retina. The retina is the innermost layer of the eye that contains specialized light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors. The macula is a small, specialized area at the center of the retina responsible for central vision. The optic nerve is the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. The vitreous humor is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina.

Java program for a hospital management system

Here's a simple Java program for a hospital management system:

```

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.Scanner;

class Patient {

private String name;

private int age;

private String disease;

private String doctor;

public Patient(String name, int age, String disease, String doctor) {

this.name = name;

this.age = age;

this.disease = disease;

this.doctor = doctor;

}

public String getName() {

return name;

}

public int getAge() {

return age;

}

public String getDisease() {

return disease;

}

public String getDoctor() {

return doctor;

}

class Doctor {

private String name;

private String specialization;

public Doctor(String name, String specialization) {

this.name = name;

this.specialization = specialization;

}

public String getName() {

return name;

}

public String getSpecialization() {

return specialization;

}

public class HospitalManagement {

private ArrayList<Patient> patients;

private ArrayList<Doctor> doctors;

private Scanner scanner;

public HospitalManagement() {

patients = new ArrayList<>();

doctors = new ArrayList<>();

scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

}

public void addPatient() {

System.out.print("Enter patient name: ");

String name = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Enter patient age: ");

int age = scanner.nextInt();

scanner.nextLine(); // Consume newline left-over

System.out.print("Enter patient disease: ");

String disease = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Enter doctor's name: ");

String doctorName = scanner.nextLine();

patients.add(new Patient(name, age, disease, doctorName));

}

public void addDoctor() {

System.out.print("Enter doctor's name: ");

String name = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Enter doctor's specialization: ");

String specialization = scanner.nextLine();

doctors.add(new Doctor(name, specialization));

}

public void displayPatients() {

System.out.println("\nPatient List:");

for (Patient patient : patients) {

System.out.println("Name: " + patient.getName());

System.out.println("Age: " + patient.getAge());

System.out.println("Disease: " + patient.getDisease());

System.out.println("Doctor: " + patient.getDoctor());

System.out.println();

}

public void displayDoctors() {

System.out.println("\nDoctor List:");

for (Doctor doctor : doctors) {

System.out.println("Name: " + doctor.getName());

System.out.println("Specialization: " + doctor.getSpecialization());

System.out.println();

}

public void run() {

while (true) {

System.out.println("\nHospital Management System");

System.out.println("1. Add Patient");

System.out.println("2. Add Doctor");

System.out.println("3. Display Patients");

System.out.println("4. Display Doctors");

System.out.println("5. Exit");

System.out.print("Enter your choice: ");

int choice = scanner.nextInt();

scanner.nextLine(); // Consume newline left-over

switch (choice) {

case 1:

addPatient();

break;

case 2:

addDoctor();

break;

case 3:

displayPatients();

break;

case 4:

displayDoctors();

break;

case 5:

System.exit(0);

break;

default:

System.out.println("Invalid choice. Please try again.");

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

HospitalManagement management = new HospitalManagement();

management.run();

}

```

*Example Output:*

```

Hospital Management System

1. Add Patient

2. Add Doctor

3. Display Patients

4. Display Doctors

5. Exit

Enter your choice: 1

Enter patient name: John Doe

Enter patient age: 30

Enter patient disease: Flu

Enter doctor's name: Dr. Smith

Hospital Management System

1. Add Patient

2. Add Doctor

3. Display Patients

4. Display Doctors

5. Exit

Enter your choice: 3

Patient List:

Name: John Doe

Age: 30

Disease: Flu

Doctor: Dr. Smith

```

This program defines three classes: `Patient`, `Doctor`, and `HospitalManagement`. The `Patient` class has private member variables for patient details and public methods for accessing those details. The `Doctor` class has private member variables for doctor details and public methods for accessing those details. The `HospitalManagement` class has private member variables for patient and doctor lists, as well as public methods for adding patients and doctors,

C++ program for a medical shop

Here's a simple C++ program for a medical shop:

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Medicine {

private:

string name;

double price;

int quantity;

public:

void inputDetails() {

cout << "Enter medicine name: ";

cin.ignore();

getline(cin, name);

cout << "Enter medicine price: ";

cin >> price;

cout << "Enter medicine quantity: ";

cin >> quantity;

}

void displayDetails() {

cout << "\nMedicine Details\n";

cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

cout << "Price: $" << price << endl;

cout << "Quantity: " << quantity << endl;

}

double calculateTotalPrice(int qty) {

return price * qty;

}

void updateQuantity(int qty) {

quantity -= qty;

}

};

class MedicalShop {

private:

string shopName;

string address;

Medicine medicines[10];

int numberOfMedicines;

public:

void inputShopDetails() {

cout << "Enter shop name: ";

cin.ignore();

getline(cin, shopName);

cout << "Enter shop address: ";

getline(cin, address);

}

void addMedicine() {

medicines[numberOfMedicines].inputDetails();

numberOfMedicines++;

}

void displayMedicineDetails() {

for (int i = 0; i < numberOfMedicines; i++) {

medicines[i].displayDetails();

}

void sellMedicine() {

string medicineName;

int quantity;

cout << "Enter medicine name: ";

cin.ignore();

getline(cin, medicineName);

cout << "Enter quantity to sell: ";

cin >> quantity;

for (int i = 0; i < numberOfMedicines; i++) {

if (medicines[i].name == medicineName) {

if (medicines[i].quantity >= quantity) {

double totalPrice = medicines[i].calculateTotalPrice(quantity);

medicines[i].updateQuantity(quantity);

cout << "Total price: $" << totalPrice << endl;

} else {

cout << "Insufficient quantity." << endl;

}

return;

}

cout << "Medicine not found." << endl;

}

void displayShopDetails() {

cout << "\nShop Details\n";

cout << "Name: " << shopName << endl;

cout << "Address: " << address << endl;

}

};

int main() {

MedicalShop shop;

int choice;

shop.numberOfMedicines = 0;

shop.inputShopDetails();

while (true) {

cout << "\nMedical Shop Management System\n";

cout << "1. Add medicine\n";

cout << "2. Display medicine details\n";

cout << "3. Sell medicine\n";

cout << "4. Display shop details\n";

cout << "5. Exit\n";

cout << "Enter your choice: ";

cin >> choice;

switch (choice) {

case 1:

shop.addMedicine();

break;

case 2:

shop.displayMedicineDetails();

break;

case 3:

shop.sellMedicine();

break;

case 4:

shop.displayShopDetails();

break;

case 5:

return 0;

default:

cout << "Invalid choice. Please try again.\n";

}

return 0;

}

*Example Output:*

Enter shop name: Medical Shop

Enter shop address: 123 Main St

Medical Shop Management System

1. Add medicine

2. Display medicine details

3. Sell medicine

4. Display shop details

5. Exit

Enter your choice: 1

Enter medicine name: Paracetamol

Enter medicine price: 10

Enter medicine quantity: 100

Medical Shop Management System

1. Add medicine

2. Display medicine details

3. Sell medicine

4. Display shop details

5. Exit

Enter your choice: 3

Enter medicine name: Paracetamol

Enter quantity to sell: 5

Total price: $50

Medical Shop Management System

1. Add medicine

2. Display medicine details

3. Sell medicine

4. Display shop details

5. Exit

Enter your choice: 4

Shop Details

Name: Medical Shop

Address: 123 Main St

This program defines two classes: `Medicine` and `MedicalShop`. The `Medicine` class has private member variables for medicine details and public methods for inputting details, displaying details, calculating the total price, and updating the quantity. The `MedicalShop` class has private member variables for shop details and medicine data, as well as public methods for inputting shop

C++ program to make mobile application

Creating a mobile application using C++ is a complex task that requires a deep understanding of mobile app development, C++ programming, and the underlying mobile platform (e.g., Android or iOS). Here's a simplified example of a C++ program that demonstrates basic mobile app functionality:

*Android App using C++ (via Android NDK)*

To create an Android app using C++, you'll need to use the Android NDK (Native Development Kit). Here's a basic example:

```

// main.cpp

#include <android/native_activity.h>

#include <android/native_window.h>

#include <android/rect.h>

void android_main(struct android_app* app) {

// Initialize the app

app->onInit();

// Create a window

ANativeWindow* window = app->window;

if (window) {

// Set the window dimensions

ANativeWindow_setWidth(window, 800);

ANativeWindow_setHeight(window, 600);

// Draw something on the window

ANativeWindow_Buffer buffer;

if (ANativeWindow_lockBuffer(window, &buffer, NULL)) {

// Draw a red rectangle

memset(buffer.bits, 0xFF0000, buffer.width * buffer.height * 4);

ANativeWindow_unlockBuffer(window, &buffer);

}

// Clean up

app->onDestroy();

}

```

*iOS App using C++ (via Objective-C++)*

To create an iOS app using C++, you'll need to use Objective-C++ (a combination of Objective-C and C++). Here's a basic example:

```

// main.mm

#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>

class MyApp : public UIApplication {

public:

MyApp() {}

~MyApp() {}

void applicationDidFinishLaunching(UIApplication *application) {

// Create a window

UIWindow *window = [[UIWindow alloc] initWithFrame:[[UIScreen mainScreen] bounds]];

// Create a view

UIView *view = [[UIView alloc] initWithFrame:window.bounds];

view.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor];

// Add the view to the window

[window addSubview:view];

// Make the window visible

[window makeKeyAndVisible];

}

};

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

@autoreleasepool {

return UIApplicationMain(argc, argv, nil, NSStringFromClass([MyApp class]));

}

```

Note that these examples are highly simplified and don't demonstrate a real-world mobile app. To create a more complex app, you'll need to use a framework or library that provides a higher-level API for mobile app development.

Some popular frameworks for mobile app development using C++ include:

- Qt (cross-platform)

- SDL (cross-platform)

- Cocos2d-x (cross-platform)

- Android NDK (Android-specific)

- Objective-C++ (iOS-specific)

Keep in mind that using C++ for mobile app development can be challenging due to the complexity of the underlying mobile platforms. You may want to consider using a higher-level language like Java or Swift, or a cross-platform framework like React Native or Flutter.

C++ program to calculate an employee's salary

Here's a simple C++ program to calculate an employee's salary:

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Employee {

private:

string name;

int employeeId;

string department;

double basicSalary;

double allowance;

double deduction;

double netSalary;

public:

void inputDetails() {

cout << "Enter employee name: ";

cin.ignore();

getline(cin, name);

cout << "Enter employee ID: ";

cin >> employeeId;

cout << "Enter department: ";

cin.ignore();

getline(cin, department);

cout << "Enter basic salary: ";

cin >> basicSalary;

cout << "Enter allowance: ";

cin >> allowance;

cout << "Enter deduction: ";

cin >> deduction;

}

void calculateNetSalary() {

netSalary = basicSalary + allowance - deduction;

}

void displayDetails() {

cout << "\nEmployee Details\n";

cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

cout << "Employee ID: " << employeeId << endl;

cout << "Department: " << department << endl;

cout << "Basic Salary: $" << basicSalary << endl;

cout << "Allowance: $" << allowance << endl;

cout << "Deduction: $" << deduction << endl;

cout << "Net Salary: $" << netSalary << endl;

}

};

int main() {

Employee employee;

employee.inputDetails();

employee.calculateNetSalary();

employee.displayDetails();

return 0;

}

*Example Output:*

Enter employee name: John Doe

Enter employee ID: 123

Enter department: HR

Enter basic salary: 5000

Enter allowance: 1000

Enter deduction: 500

Employee Details

Name: John Doe

Employee ID: 123

Department: HR

Basic Salary: $5000

Allowance: $1000

Deduction: $500

Net Salary: $5500

This program defines an `Employee` class with private member variables for employee details and public methods for inputting details, calculating the net salary, and displaying details.

In the `main()` function, an `Employee` object is created, and the user is prompted to input employee details. The program then calculates the net salary and displays the employee details.

C++ program for a school management system

Here's a simple C++ program for a school management system:

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Student {

private:

string name;

int rollNumber;

int age;

string className;

public:

void inputDetails() {

cout << "Enter student name: ";

cin.ignore();

getline(cin, name);

cout << "Enter roll number: ";

cin >> rollNumber;

cout << "Enter age: ";

cin >> age;

cout << "Enter class name: ";

cin.ignore();

getline(cin, className);

}

void displayDetails() {

cout << "\nStudent Details\n";

cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

cout << "Roll Number: " << rollNumber << endl;

cout << "Age: " << age << endl;

cout << "Class Name: " << className << endl;

}

};

class Teacher {

private:

string name;

string subject;

int age;

public:

void inputDetails() {

cout << "Enter teacher name: ";

cin.ignore();

getline(cin, name);

cout << "Enter subject: ";

getline(cin, subject);

cout << "Enter age: ";

cin >> age;

}

void displayDetails() {

cout << "\nTeacher Details\n";

cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

cout << "Subject: " << subject << endl;

cout << "Age: " << age << endl;

}

};

class School {

private:

string schoolName;

string address;

Student students[10];

Teacher teachers[10];

int numberOfStudents;

int numberOfTeachers;

public:

void inputSchoolDetails() {

cout << "Enter school name: ";

cin.ignore();

getline(cin, schoolName);

cout << "Enter school address: ";

getline(cin, address);

}

void addStudent() {

students[numberOfStudents].inputDetails();

numberOfStudents++;

}

void addTeacher() {

teachers[numberOfTeachers].inputDetails();

numberOfTeachers++;

}

void displayStudentDetails() {

for (int i = 0; i < numberOfStudents; i++) {

students[i].displayDetails();

}

void displayTeacherDetails() {

for (int i = 0; i < numberOfTeachers; i++) {

teachers[i].displayDetails();

}

void displaySchoolDetails() {

cout << "\nSchool Details\n";

cout << "Name: " << schoolName << endl;

cout << "Address: " << address << endl;

}

};

int main() {

School school;

int choice;

school.numberOfStudents = 0;

school.numberOfTeachers = 0;

school.inputSchoolDetails();

while (true) {

cout << "\nSchool Management System\n";

cout << "1. Add student\n";

cout << "2. Add teacher\n";

cout << "3. Display student details\n";

cout << "4. Display teacher details\n";

cout << "5. Display school details\n";

cout << "6. Exit\n";

cout << "Enter your choice: ";

cin >> choice;

switch (choice) {

case 1:

school.addStudent();

break;

case 2:

school.addTeacher();

break;

case 3:

school.displayStudentDetails();

break;

case 4:

school.displayTeacherDetails();

break;

case 5:

school.displaySchoolDetails();

break;

case 6:

return 0;

default:

cout << "Invalid choice. Please try again.\n";

}

return 0;

}

```

*Example Output:*

```

Enter school name: ABC School

Enter school address: 123 Main St

School Management System

1. Add student

2. Add teacher

3. Display student details

4. Display teacher details

5. Display school details

6. Exit

Enter your choice: 1

Enter student name: John Doe

Enter roll number: 1

Enter age: 12

Enter class name: 7th

School Management System

1. Add student

2. Add teacher

3. Display student details

4. Display teacher details

5. Display school details

6. Exit

Enter your choice: 3

Student Details

Name: John Doe

Roll Number: 1

Age: 12

Class Name: 7th

School Management System

1. Add student

2. Add teacher

3. Display student details

4. Display teacher details

5. Display school details

6. Exit

Enter your choice: 5

School Details

Name: ABC School

Address: 123 Main St