Solid Waste : Ecofriendly Management

Solid Waste : Ecofriendly Management
Solid waste is any unwanted and discarded material created by human beings

Solid Waste Management :

1) Waste can be  a resource , if it is managed properly and wisely .
2) If disposed carelessly , it becomes a major source of pollution of soil and water .
3) Generation of solid waste can be linked with economic growth ,environmental degradation ,health hazards,pollution of air ,water and land and destruction of human habitat.
4) More than 5000,1700 and 900 tonnes of solid waste per day , is created in Mumbai , Pune and Nagpur respectively .Mismanagement of solid waste resulted in heavy floods of 26th July 2005 in Mumbai.
5) E-waste is generated by electronic goods like discarded computers , TV sets and  mobile phones.5 tonnes of e- wastes is generated daily in India.
3)Classifation of soild waste:
1) Soild wastes can be classifield according to the source of waste or according to its biodegrabilitty.
2) According to source :
Domestic , industrial , hazardous, agricultural or garden, electronic, urban wastes and plastiic ,are different types of soild waste.
3) Biodegradable or decompossible and nonblodegradable or nonblodegradable are two types of solid wastes.
4) Dry solid wastes and wet solid wastes are also two types of solid wastes.
4) Effects of improper management of solid wastes:
1) Loss of aesthetic effect or beauty.
2) Bad odour / smell.
3) Release of toxic gases.
4) Spread of diseases.
5) Enviranmental pollution- water and solid pollution.
6) Effect on bird diversity.
5) E- wastes:
Electronic wastes contains heavy metals such as lead , beryllium, mercury and cadmimum. They remain accumlated in thr non- biodegradability causing adverse effects on human health and solid oranganisms.
6) Biomedical  wastes:
It is a highly infectious wastes due to the presence of pathogens. It can cause viral ,allergic , bacterial infections and skin dieaeses.
7) Plastic wastes:
Ot is a major concern of solid wastes mangement. The wide and irresponsible use of plastic ,leads and to choking of sewers.
Hareful for solid micoroorganisms. Burnimg of plantic can also lead to toxic gas emissions.
8) Industrial wastes:
Dumping and burning of this hazardous wastes can cause air and water pollution.
9) Comman methods of solid wastes management:
1) Collection of household wastes from door-to door as done by Municipalities.
2)Land fill.
3) Disposal in the sea.
10) stages of proper solid wastes disposal:
1) Wastes separation and segregation.
2) Transportation.
3) Ecofriendly methods
4) Composinting
5)Vermicomposting
6) Secured landfill
7) Pyrolsis
8) Energy recovery from domestic and industirial wastes.
9) Industrial solid wastes mangrmant
10) Biomedical wastes mangemant
11) Incinerator
11) Role of industrial and good habits in management of solid wastes:
1) Following 3 ' R's - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
2) We should adopt good habits as far as should wastes managements is concerned.
3) By spreading social awareness and personal discipline, the problem of solid wastes disposal can be reduced.

QUALITY FOOD , QUALITY LIFE- revolution for food and animal husbandry

      QUALITY FOOD , QUALITY LIFE
Revolution for food:

Food:
 Food is neccessary for all living organisms . Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins are the important constituents of food. These growth , development and maintenenance.

India needs more food grains to feed the ever increasing population .
Better methods to increase food production and better crops are therefore necessary.

Green Revolution:
By using better ferilizers ,better methods of irrigation and introduction of HYV (high yield variety) seeds to improve food production is known as Green Revoution .
This idea was generated by Dr. Norman Ernest Borlaug. Therefore he is known as "Father of the Green Revolution".

White Revoution:
Indian National Dairy and Developent Board ( NDDB) started a programme called "Operation Flood". After this initiative, India became largest producer of milk and milk produces.
This movement is called the White Revoution . Prout. Verghese Kurien is known as "father of the White Revoution ".Anand Mild Union Liited( AMUL ) wasthe driving force behind the beind Revoultion.

Better crop yields:
1.Crops grown in rainy season is rice, while crop grown in winter season is wheat.
2.Cereals (rice, wheat , jowar), pulses ( gram ,black,gram) ,oil seeds( ground,nut mustard), fruits and vegetables ets. grown as fodder for livestock.
3.Crops depend upon climatic conditions, soil types, period of exposure to sunlight etc. Some crops are season specific.
4.Better variety of seeds , taking proper care of crop plants, protection of crops in pre and post harvest conditions increase the yield of the crops.

Better varity of seeds:
1.Hybridization involves cross breeding of two different varieties  of crop plants.
2.Such hybrid seeds produce crops which are having higher yields, better quality, better resistance to diseases and pests , short term period of maturation ,etc .Such varieties aew called HYV or high yielding varieties.
3.Hybrid varieties:
i.Hybrid varieties of rice : Jaja, T141,etc.
ii.Hybrid varieties of wheat : Sona-lika ,Arjun ,Sonara 64 ,etc.

Taking better care croups:
The yield of crops depends upon there factors,viz. nutrients added to the soil , the methods irrigation and cropping pattern.

Nutrients :
Nutrients are minerals . Plants need some 16 different elements as nutrients:
Nature of nutrient :1)Macronutrient (Nutrient required in large quantity .) .Examples-Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,potassium,calcium,magenisum,sulphur,nitrogen,phosphorus.
2)Micronutrient (Nutrient required in small amounts or traces) .Examples- Iron,boron,copper,molybdenum zinc,maganese,chlorine.
Repeated cultivation deacreases the nutrients are supplied to the soil by fertilizers and manures.

Manures : When the orangaic matters like cow dung, human wastes, plant residues ,etc . decompose , msnure is fored. Manure replenishes the soil with essential elements and adds humans to the soil.
The addition of manure increases the fertililty of the soil.

Fertilizers:
Fertilizwes are used for echancing the growth of the plants.
A chemical fertilizer is a cheamical compound  containting nitrogen , phosphorus and potassius nitrogen , are of there tyes, viz . nitrogenous, phosphatic and ppotanssic.
Type of fertilizer1) Nitrogenous  Example- Ammonium sulphate ,Urea ,Ammonium nitrat
2) Phosphatic  Example - Super phosphate,Ammonium phosphate,Ammophos
3) Pattassic Example - Patassium chloride ,Potassium sulphate ,Potassium nitrate.
Though chemical fertilizer is neccessaryfor getting good yield, its contant use makes the soil infertile. Ifis soulle in water and is readily available to the plant.
But it reduces the organic content of the soil and causes harm to natural microbial flora of the soil.
To avoid this organic farming is being done. In organic reycled farm increasing the fertility of the soil also for pest control.

Irrigation:
Irrrigation means supplying water to crops through canals,well,,reservoirs,tube wells ,etc. Indian argiculture is mostly monsoon based . To overcome problems of inconsistent rains.irrigation methods are adopted.

Cropping pattern :
1.Mixed cropping or multiple cropping :
   Two or more crops are simultaneously grown in the samesoil.These crops support each other's growth and help in improving the soil condition  . Example wheat and *chickpea or wheat and mustard .
2.Intercropping : Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land in a particular pattern is called intercropping .Example soyabean ,maize and tur.
3.Crop rotation :When different crops are grown alternately in the same field it is known as crop rotation .Legumes are grown in between the seasons of cereals.Crop rotation helps to improve the fertillity off the soil.

Protection of crops before and after harvesting :
1.Pests ,weeds and diseases cause harm to growing crops.Standing crops are heavily damaged due to pests such as insects ,mites,ticks,aphids,rats ,birds,etc.
2.Pestcicides are used to control the population of pest \.
3.There are two methods of controls of pests ,viz. chemical control and biological control.
4.Chemical control:Chemical pesticides are used to kill the insects .Hand operated machine or power operated spray is used during chemical control.Fumigation or dusting are other two methods used in chemical control.
5.Biological control : Certain birds or insects or other living organisms which are predators of pests are deliberstely released in the field so that they control the pest population .
This method though slow is highly specific and does not cause environmental problem .Example Scale insects were succesfully controlled by lady birds in orange orchads in California.
6.Weeds are unwanted plants.Since they complete with the crop platns for nutrients ,space and sunlight,they should be controlled .Some common weeds are wild oats,grass and Amaranthus.
7.Plant diseases:
Crop
1)Bajra : :   disease - Erogot    : :  causative organism - Fungus
2)Rice : :   disease - Leaf spot    : :  causative organism - Fungus
3)Wheat : :   disease - Rust    : :  causative organism - Fungus
4)Banana : :   disease - Bunchy top    : :  causative organism - Virus
5)Tomato : :   disease - Wilt    : :  causative organism - Bacteria

Storage of foood materials:
The stored foood grains should not be harme d by biotic and abiotic factors.
1) Biotic factors :
i)Rodents ,birds and other animals
ii) Insects ,worms and micrbe slike bacteria and fungi
iii) Action of enzymes.
2) Abiotic factors
i)Storage temperature
ii)Moisture content of foood
iii) Humidity of the surrounding
3)Due to proper storage the food remains available throughout the year and also in any part of the country.
4) Granaries: These are the ware-housus where large quantities of food grains are stored .The FCI(Food Corporation of India) is one of the largest granaries in India