More on Networking

Network services
• File Services-All the data files of an organisation are stored in one place and can be
shared by many users. Files can be organized and updated systematically.
• Print Services- When Printers available on the Network , multiple users can print to
the same printer. The network printers are usually faster and more capable. They
may have accessories such as envelope readers or multiple paper trays
• Database Services-Multiple users can have access to the database at the same time.
The Database software ensures integrity of data and provides multiple access.
• Message Services-The services include Electronic mail, voice mail, remote
access,document transfers across the internet.
• Application services- several software applications that are developed using
network architecture. The applications can be made available to multiple users. Any
up-gradation made to these applications is also instantly available to the users.

Advantages of Computer Network
•Speed:- The files can be transferred from one Computer to another instantly.
•Cost:- Application software(Network version) can be installed on one Computer and
accessed by other Computers on the Network. This makes maintenance and
upgrading of software easy.
•Security:- The information on the computer can bemade available only through
password.Further some information can be made available only for reading and
not copying.
•Resource sharing:- Expensive peripheral devices can be shared by many users in a
network.
•Easy access:- Users can access information from any computer that is available on
the network. They need go to a specific Computer which may be located in a
different building or different location to retrieve information from their account.

Status codes

Staus codes:-

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Informational
Code :-100
Phrase :- Continue
Description:-The initial part of the request has been received , and the client may continue with the request.

Code :- 101
Phrase :- Switching
Description :- The server is complying with a client request to switch protocols defined in the upgrade header.

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Success
Code :- 200
Phrase :- OK
Description :- The request is successful

Code :-201
Phrase :- Created
Description :- A new URL is created .

Code :- 202
Phrase :- Accepted
Description :- The request is accepted , but it is not immediately acted upon


Code :- 204
Phrase :-  No content
Description :-There is no content in the body

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Redirection


Code :- 301
Phrase :- Moved permanently
Description :- The requested URL is no longer used by the server.


Code :- 302
Phrase :- Move temporarily
Description :- The requested URL has moved temporarily.


Code :- 304
Phrase :- Not modified
Description :-The document has not been modified.

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Client Error

Code :- 400
Phrase :- Bad request
Description :- There is a syntax error in the request.


Code :- 401
Phrase :- Unauthorized
Description :- The request lacks proper authorization.


Code :- 403
Phrase :- Forbidden
Description :- Service is denied .


Code :- 404
Phrase :- Not found
Description :- The document is not found.


Code :- 405
Phrase :- Method not allowed
Description :- The method is not supported in this URL.


Code :-  406
Phrase :- Not acceptable
Description :- The format requested is not acceptable.
 

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Server Error

Code :-500
Phrase :- Internal Server error
Description :- There is error , such as a crash , at the server site.

Code :- 501
Phrase :- Not implemented
Description :- The action requested cannot be performed.

Code :- 503
Phrase :-  Service unavailable
Description :-The service is temporarily unavailable ,but may be requested in the future.
 

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DNS in the Internet

DNS is  a protocol that can be used in different platforms.

In the Internet the Domain Name Space is divided into three different sections :

1) Generic domains

2) Country domains and

3) The Inverse domains

1) Generic domains:-
The generic domains define registered hosts to their generic behavior.

Generic domain labels are as follow:-

aero :-   Airlines and aerospace companies

biz    :-   Businesses or firms

com   :-   Commercial organizations

coop   :-  Cooperative business organizations

 edu    :-  Educational institutions

gov      :-  Government institutions

info     :-   Information service provides

int       :-  International organizations

mil      :-  Military groups

museum :- Museums  and other non profit organizations

name    :-  Personal names (individuals)

net      :- Network support  centers

org     :-  Non profit organizations

pro     :-  Professional individual organizations


2) Country domains:-
The country domains section uses two - character country abbreviations.
Example :-
us  :-  United States

in  :-   India

uk  :- United Kingdom

Second labels can be organizational ,or they can be more specific , national designations.
The United States ,for example , uses state abbreviations as a subdivisions of us example ca.us


3) Inverse domains:-
The inverse domain is used to map an address to a name .the convention of reading domain labels from bottom to top ,an IP address such as 132.34.45.121 is read as 121.45.34.132.

More General Knowledge questions

More General Knowledge questions

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Multiple choice questions on Computer

Multiple choice questions on Computer

1) Infrared signals can be used for short range communication in a closed area using _______propagation.
A) ground
B) sky
C) line of sight
D) space

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2)A bridge has access to address in the same network.
A) Physical
B) Network
C) Data Link
D) Application

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3) The minimum frame length for 10 Mbps Ethernet is _______ bytes and maximum is ______bytes
A) 64 & 128
B) 128 & 1518
C) 1518 & 3036
D) 64 & 1518

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4) The bit rate of a signal is 3000 bps .If each signal unit carries 6 bits ,the baud rate of the signal is_____.
A) 500 baud/sec
B) 1000 baud/sec
C) 3000 baud/sec
D) 18000 baud/sec

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5) KPA in CMM stands for
A) Key Process Area
B) Key Product Area
C) Key Principal Area
D) Key Performance Area

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6) In function point analysis the number of complexity adjustment factors is
A) 10
B) 12
C) 14
D) 20

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7) A shift reduce parser suffers from
A) shift reduce conflict only
B) reduce reduce conflict only
C) both shift reduce conflict and reduce reduce conflict
D) shift handle and reduce handle conflicts

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8) How many different truth tables of the compound propositions are there that involve the propositions p & q?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16

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9) While (87) printf("computer");
A) print "computer" 87  times
B) print "computer" 0 times
C) print "computer" 1 times
D) print "computer" infinite times

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10) Manager salary details are hidden from the employee . This is called
A) Conceptual level data hiding
B) Physical level data hiding
C) External level data hiding
D) Local level data hiding

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11)Which of the following is the correct value returned to the operating system upon the successful completion of a program?
A) 0
B) 1
C) -1
D) Program do not return value

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12)A clustering index is created when ______.
A) primary key is declared and ordered
B) no key ordered
C) foreign key ordered
D) there is no key and no order

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13)A friend function can be used to
A) avoid arguments between classes
B) allow access to classes whose source code is unavailable
C) allow one class to access an unrelated class
D) None of the above

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Click here for more questions

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Solve General Knowledge Questions

Solve General Knowledge Questions

1) Which of the following is social network?

A) amazon.com
B) eBay.com
C) gmail.com
D) twitter

Ans:-D) twitter

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2) Internal communication within institutions is done through

A) LAN
B) WAN
C) EBB
D) MMS

Ans:- A)LAN

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3) Virtual reality provides
A) Sharp pictures
B) Individual audio
C) Participatory experience
D) Preview of new films

Ans:- C) Participatory experience

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4) The first virtual university of India came up in
A) Andhra Pradesh
B) Maharashtra
C) Uttar Pradesh
D) Tamil Naidu

Ans:- D) Tamil Naidu

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5) The initial efforts for internet based communication was for
A) Commercial communication
B) Military purpose
C) Personal interaction
D) Political campaigns

Ans:- B) Military purpose

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6) The post-industrial society is designated as
A) Information society
B) Technology society
C) Mediated society
D) Non - agricultural society

Ans:- A) Information society

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7) The major source of the pollutant gas,carbon mono-oxide (CO) ,in urban areas is
A) Thermal power sector
B) Transport sector
C) Industrial sector
D) domestic sector

 Ans:- B) Transport sector

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8) In a fuel cell driven vehicle ,the energy is obtained from the combustion of
A) Methane
B) Hydrogen
C) LPG
D) CNG

Ans:- B) Hydrogen

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9) In certain code TEACHER is written as VGCEJGT.  The code of CHILDREN will be
A) EKNJFTGP
B) EJKNFTGP
C) KNJFGTP
D) None of these

Ans:-  B) EJKNFTGP

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10) The principles of fundamental research are used in
A) action research
B) applied research
C) philosophical research
D) historical research

Ans:- B) applied research

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11) Anil is twice as old as Sunita .Three years ago ,he was three times as old as Sunita .The present age of Anil is
A) 6 years
B) 8 years
C) 12 years
D) 16 years

Ans:- C) 12 years

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12) The mean marks obtained by a class of 40 students is 65 .The mean marks of half of the students is found to be 45 .The mean marks of the remaining students is
A) 85
B) 60
C) 70
D) 65

Ans:- A) 85

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13) Who among the following is the de facto executive head of the planning Commission?
A) Chairman
B) Deputy Chairman
C) Minister if State for Planning
D) Member Secretary

Ans: :- B) Deputy Chairman

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14) Education as a subject of legislation figures in the
A) Union List
B) State List
C) Concurrent List
D) Residuary Powers

Ans: -C) Concurrent List

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Algorithm of sorting

An algorithm to sort an elements using Insertion Sort.

Algorithm for Insertion sort:-
Step 1 : START
Step 2 : Input N
Step 3 : For I←0 to N -1
Read A [ I ]
( end of I for loop )
Step 4 : For I←1 to N -1 Do
Step 5 : J = I
Step 6 : While ( J > = 1 ) and ( A[ J ] < A [ J -1 ] )
Step 7 : TEMP = A [ J ]
Step 8 : A [ J ] = A [ J - 1 ]
Step 9 : A[ J - 1 ] = TEMP
Step 10 : J = J - 1
[ end of While loop ]
[ end of step I For loop ]
Step 11 : For I←0 to N -1
Step 12: Print A [ I ]
Step 13 : Stop

Consider the elements
A[0 ]    20
A[1]    16
A[2]    4
A [3]    3

Pass 1:
A[1],A[0]>16,20,4,3
Pass 2:
A[2],A[1]> 16,4,20,3
A[1],A[0]>4,16,20,3
Pass 3:
A[3],A[2]> 4,16,3,20
A[2],A[1]>4,3,16,20
A[1],A[0]> 3,4 16,20
Sorted order is 3,4,16,20

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Algorithm for bubble sort:-

Step 1 : START
Step 2 : Input N
Step 3 : For I←0 to N -1
Step 4 : Read ( A [ I ] )
( end of for loop )
Step 5 : For I←1 to N -1
Step 6 : For J←0 to N –I - 1
Step 7 : If (A[ J ] > A [ J +1] )
Temp←A [ J ]
A [ J ]←A [ J + 1 ]
A [ J +1 ]←Temp
[ end of if ]
[ end of J loop ]
[ end of I loop ]
Step 8 : For J←0 to N -1
Print A [ J ]
Step 9 : Stop

Consider the following elements: 50 , 20, 10 , 05
Pass 1:- 50    20    10    05
             20    50    10     05
             20    10     50    05
             20     10    05    50
Pass 2:-  20    10    05    50
               10    20    05    50
               10    05    20     50
Pass 3:- 10    05    20    50
             05    10     20    50

Sorted order is 5, 10, 20 , 50

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 Algorithm for selection sort:-

Step 1 : START
Step 2 : Input N
Step 3 : For I←0 to N -1
Step 4 : Read A [ I ]
Step 5 : For I←0 to N -2
Step 6 : S←A [ I]
Step 7 : Pos←I
Step 8 : For J←I + 1 to N -1
Step 9 : If ( A[ J] < S )
Step 10 : S←A [ J ]
Step 11 : Pos←J
[ end of if ]
[ end of J For loop ]
Step 12 : A [ Pos ]←a[ I ]
Step 14 : A[ I ]←S
[end of I For loop ]
Step 15: For I = 0 to N – 1
Step 16: Print A[ I ]
Step 17: Stop

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An algorithm to find the maximum in an array:-

Step 1 : [Assume 1st element is the largest ]large = A [ 0 ]
Step 2 : POS = 0
Step 3 : [ Find the largest element in the array and its position]For I = 1 to N – 1 Do
Step 4 : If ( A [ I ] > large ) Then
Step 5 : large = A [ I ]
Step 6 : POS = 1
[ End if ]
[ End of step 3 for loop ]
Step 7: [ Print the largest and its position]Print “ Largest = “ , large , “ position = “ , pos
Step 8: Exit

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An algorithm to find the minimum in an array:-

Step 1 : [Assume 1st element is the smallest]small = A [ 0 ]
Step 2 : POS = 0
Step 3 : [ Find the smallest element in the array and its position]
For I = 1 to N – 1 Do
Step 4 : If ( A [ I ] < small ) Then
Step 5 : small = A [ I ]
Step 6 : POS = 1
[ End if ]
[ End of step 3 for loop ]
Step 7: [ Print the smallest and its position]
Print “ smallest = “ , small , “ position = “ , pos
Step 8: Exit

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Linear search method with an algorithm:-

Step 1 : START
Step 2 : input N
Step 3 : for I←0 to N -1
Read A [ I ]
Step 4 : Loc = -1
Step 5 : For I = 0 to N- 1 do
Step 6 : If ( ele = A[I]) Then
Step 7: Loc = I
Step 8 : Goto step 9
[ end if ]
[ end for ]
Step 9 : If ( Loc > = 0 ) then
Step 10: Print “ ele Found in location “ , Loc
Step 11: else
Step 12: Print “ ele not found ”

Step 13 Stop

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 Algorithm for Binary Search:


Step 1: Low = 0
Step 2 : High = N – 1
Step 3 : Loc = -1
Step 4 : While ( Low < = High ) Do
Step 5 : M = ( Low + High ) / 2
Step 6 : If (ele = A[M ] ) Then
Step 7: Loc = M goto Step 12
[ end if ]
Step 8 : If (ele < A [M ] ) Then
 Step 9: High←M – 1
Step 10 : Else
Step 11 : Low←M + 1
[ end of if ]
[ end of While loop ]
Step 12 : if ( Loc > = 0 ) Then
Step 13: Print “ element , found , search successful ” , Loc
Step 14: else
Step 15 : Print “ Item not found , search Unsuccessful ”
[ end if ]
Step 16 : Stop

Memristor

Memristor Definition:-

According to the original 1971 definition, the memristor was the fourth fundamental circuit element, forming a non-linear relationship between electric charge and magnetic flux linkage.

What is memristor?

Ans.As its name implies, the memristor can "remember" how much current has passed through it. And by alternating the amount of current that passes through it, a memristor can also become a one-element circuit component with unique properties. Most notably, it can save its electronic state even when the current is turned off, making it a great candidate to replace today's flash memory. 

The memristor definition is based solely on the fundamental circuit variables of current and voltage and their time-integrals, just like the resistor, capacitor and inductor. Unlike those three elements however, which are allowed in linear time-invariant or LTI system theory, memristors of interest have a dynamic function with memory and may be described as some function of net charge. There is no such thing as a standard memristor. Instead, each device implements a particular function, wherein the integral of voltage determines the integral of current, and vice versa. A linear time-invariant memristor, with a constant value for M, is simply a conventional resistor.Like other two-terminal components, real-world devices are never purely memristors ("ideal memristor"), but also exhibit some amount of capacitance, resistance and inductance.

Memristors will theoretically be cheaper and far faster than flash memory, and allow far greater memory densities. They could also replace RAM chips as we know them, so that, after you turn off your computer, it will remember exactly what it was doing when you turn it back on, and return to work instantly. This lowering of cost and consolidating of components may lead to affordable, solid-state computers that fit in your pocket and run many times faster than today's PCs. 

Symbol:-

Someday the memristor could spawn a whole new type of computer, thanks to its ability to remember a range of electrical states rather than the simplistic "on" and "off" states that today's digital processors recognize. By working with a dynamic range of data states in an analog mode, memristor-based computers could be capable of far more complex tasks than just shuttling ones and zeroes around. 

Beyond that, memristors will likely replace both DRAM and hard disks.

Conceptual symmetry between the resistor, capacitor, inductor, and the memristor..

The technology, called memristor, could allow computers to make decisions by understanding past patterns of data it has collected, similar to human brains collecting and understanding a series of events.

For example, a memristor circuit could be capable of telling a microwave the heating time for different food types based on the information it has collected over time, said Stanley Williams, senior fellow at HP.

A memristor circuit requires lower voltage and less time to turn on than competitive memory like DRAM and flash.

Translation

English :- Computer

French :-ordinateur

Turkish :-bilgisayar

Yoruba :-kọmputa

 Itialian :-calcolatore

Spanish :-ordenador

Maori :-rorohiko

Latin :-ipsum

Greek :-ηλεκτρονικός υπολογιστής

Marathi :- संगणक

Hindi :- कंप्यूटर

Punjabi :-ਕੰਪਿਊਟਰ

Urdu :- کمپیوٹ 

Polish :-komputer

Swedish :-dator

Russian :-компьютер

Hungarian :-számítógép

Kannada :-ಗಣಕಯಂತ್ರ

Tamil :- கம்ப்யூட்டர்

 Malay :-komputer

Gujarati:-કમ્પ્યુટર

Serbian :-рачунар

Filipino:- computer

Computer word  translated in other languages are as above.

Definition of computer

An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.

Short description of CS

Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations

Computer Science (abbreviated CS or CompSci) is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. It is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical processes (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information, whether such information is encoded as bits in a computer memory or transcribed in genes and protein structures in a human cell.

History: The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division.

• Charles Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer
• Ada Lovelace is credited with writing the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer.
• The German military used the Enigma machine (shown here) during World War II for communication they thought to be secret. The large-scale decryption of Enigma traffic at Bletchley Park was an important factor that contributed to Allied victory in WWII

Computer Science is not just about building computers or writing computer programs! Computer Science is no more about building computers and developing software than astronomy is about building telescopes, biology is about building microscopes, and music is about building musical instruments! Computer science is not about the tools we use to carry out computation. It is about how we use such tools, and what we find out when we do. The solution of many computer science problems may not even require the use of computers—just pencil and paper. As a matter of fact, problems in computer science have been tackled decades before computers were even built. That said the design and implementation of computing system hardware and software is replete with formidable challenges and fundamental problems that keep computer scientists busy. Computer Science is about building computers and writing computer programs, and much more!