Programming in C++ :-
Programming in C++ can be done on Turbo
C++,Microsoft Visual Studio IDE very easily they provide built- in
editor and menu bar ,program should be saved with .cpp file extension in
it like example.cpp.
C++ programmer should know about the data types used in it.
There are 3 types of it:-
1.Built-in data types
2.User defined
3.Derived
1.Built-in type include 3 types they areas follows:-
I)Integral - i)int
ii)char
II)Floating - i)float
ii)double
2.User defined type include 4 types they areas follows:-
I ) Structure
II ) Union
III ) Class
IV ) Enumeration
3.Derived type include 3 types they areas follows:-
I ) Pointer
II ) Array
III ) Function
Each of the fundamental types has a fixed size that determines the
range of values that can be stored in them (for integers) or the
precision and range of those values (for floating point numbers). A char
variable is of the natural size to hold a character on a given machine
(typically an 8-bit byte), and the sizes of other types are quoted in
multiples of the size of a char. The size of a type is implementation
defined (i.e., it can vary among different machines) and can be obtained
by the size of operator; for example size of (char) equals 1 and size
of (int) is often 4.
Simple programming in
C++ can be done using header files mostly used header file in simple
programming is #include<iostream.h> it means that there are built
in standard C++ library which has iostream file file in above case where
io means the input and output steam in programming <> these are
the brackets for header file.It is use to take and display the data from
cin>> and cout<< where << and >> are the
operators.
Memory management :-
C++ supports four types of memory management:
1.Static memory allocation. :-
A static variable is assigned a value at compile-time, and allocated
storage in a fixed location along with the executable code. These are
declared with the "static" keyword (in the sense of static storage, not
in the sense of declaring a class variable).
2. Automatic memory allocation. :-
An automatic variable is simply declared with its class name, and
storage is allocated on the stack when the value is assigned. The
constructor is called when the declaration is executed, the destructor
is called when the variable goes out of scope, and after the destructor
the allocated memory is automatically freed.
3.Dynamic memory allocation.:-
Storage can be dynamically allocated on the heap using manual memory
management - normally calls to new and delete (though old-style C calls
such as malloc() and free() are still supported).
4.Garbage collection :-
With the use of a library, garbage collection is possible. The Boehm garbage collector is commonly used for this purpose.
The
fine control over memory management is similar to C, but in contrast
with languages that intend to hide such details from the programmer,
such as Java, Perl, PHP, and Ruby.
Operators and operator overloading:-
1.
C++ provides more than 35 operators, covering basic arithmetic, bit
manipulation, indirection, comparisons, logical operations and others.
2. Almost all operators can be overloaded for user-defined types, with a few notable exceptions such as member access (. and .*) as well as the conditional operator.
3. The rich set of over-loadable operators is central to using user created types in C++ as well and as easily as built in types.
4.The over-loadable operators are also an essential part of many advanced C++ programming techniques, such as smart pointers.
5. Overloading an operator does not change the precedence of calculations involving the operator, nor does it change the number of operands that the operator uses.
6.Overloaded "&&" and "||" operators lose their short-circuit evaluation property.
I) Abstraction
II) Encapsulation
III) Inheritance
IV) Polymorphism
C++ as Object Oriented Language:
Object Oriented programming techniques are the best ways,to develop large ,complex software applications and systems.C++ can be used both as an OOPL and simply as a better C.C++ programs are fast and efficient,which helped to make C++,an extremely popular language.It uses templates,static polymorphism,dynamic polymorphism,generic programming,inheritance;data binding and encapsulation,etc. which covers most of the object-oriented concepts.
Also C++ supports a programming technique that allows memory management to be safe and implicit.There are constructors and destructors in C++ programming which has god role for programming.
The constructors are those which have the same name function as that of class in the a program.
TOKENS
The smallest individual units in aprogram are known as tokens.C++ has the following tokens:
2. Almost all operators can be overloaded for user-defined types, with a few notable exceptions such as member access (. and .*) as well as the conditional operator.
3. The rich set of over-loadable operators is central to using user created types in C++ as well and as easily as built in types.
4.The over-loadable operators are also an essential part of many advanced C++ programming techniques, such as smart pointers.
5. Overloading an operator does not change the precedence of calculations involving the operator, nor does it change the number of operands that the operator uses.
6.Overloaded "&&" and "||" operators lose their short-circuit evaluation property.
Features of object-oriented programming :-
- Programs are divided into objects and different objects communicate with each through messages,called methods.
- Emphasis is given on data rather than procedure.
- Data is hidden and can't be accessed or altered by external functions.
- Functions operating on data of an object are encapsulated.
- New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
- Follows bottom-up approach in program design.
I) Abstraction
II) Encapsulation
III) Inheritance
IV) Polymorphism
C++ as Object Oriented Language:
Object Oriented programming techniques are the best ways,to develop large ,complex software applications and systems.C++ can be used both as an OOPL and simply as a better C.C++ programs are fast and efficient,which helped to make C++,an extremely popular language.It uses templates,static polymorphism,dynamic polymorphism,generic programming,inheritance;data binding and encapsulation,etc. which covers most of the object-oriented concepts.
Also C++ supports a programming technique that allows memory management to be safe and implicit.There are constructors and destructors in C++ programming which has god role for programming.
The constructors are those which have the same name function as that of class in the a program.
TOKENS
The smallest individual units in aprogram are known as tokens.C++ has the following tokens:
- Keywords
- Identifiers
- Constants
- String
- Operators
