Embedded systems

Difference between Static RAM Dynamic RAM.

Static RAM	Dynamic RAM
1. SRAM	1. DRAM
2. It retains it levels so no require refreshing	2. It requires some refreshing.
3. Power consumption is more	3. Power consumption is less.
4. Speed is fast.	4. Speed is less.
5. Package density is low.	5. Package density is high.
6. Size can't be increase.	6. Size can increase.
7. More expensive.	7. Less expensive.
8. Made up of 6 CMOS transistors(MOSFET).	8. Made up of a MOSFET and a capacitor.

---

Difference between RISC and CISC processors/controllers.

RISC	CISC
1. It stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computing.	1. It stands for Complex Instruction Set Computing.
2. Lesser number of instructions.	2. Greater number of Instructions
3. Instruction pipe-lining and increased execution speed.	3. Generally no instruction pipe-lining feature.
4. Orthogonal instruction set.	4. Non-Orthogonal instruction set.
5. Operations are performed on register only, the only memory operations are load and store.	5. Operations are performed on register or memory depending on the instruction.
6. A large number of registers are available	6. Limited number of general purpose register.
7. Programmer needs to write more code to execute a task since the instruction are simpler ones.	7. Instructions are like macros in C language. A programmer can achieve the desired functionality with a single instruction.
8. Single, fixed length instructions.	8. Variable length instructions
9. Less silicon usage and pin count.	9. More silicon usage since more additional decoder logic as required.
10. With Harvard Architecture.	10. Can be Harvard or Von- Neumann Architecture.

---

Difference between microprocessor and micro-controller.

Microprocessor	Micro-controller
1.A silicon chip representing a central processing unit (CPU), which is capable of performing arithmetic as well as logical operations according to a pre defined set of instructions.	1.A micro-controller is a highly integrated chip that contains a CPU, scratchpad RAM, special and general purpose register arrays, on chip ROM / FLASH memory for program storage, timer and interrupt control units and dedicated  I/O ports.
2.It is a dependent unit .It requires the combination of other chips like timers, program and data memory chips, interrupt controllers, etc. for functioning.	2.It is a self-contained unit and it doesn't require external interrupt controller , timer , UART , etc. for its functioning.
3.Most of the time general purpose in design and operation .	3.Mostly application-oriented or domain - specific.
4. Doesn't, contain a built in I/O port.The I/O port functionality needs to be implemented with the help of external programmable peripheral interface chips like 8255.	4.Most of the processor contain multiple built-in I/O ports which can be operated as a single 8 or 16 or 32 bit port or as individual port pins.
5.Targeted for high end market where performance is important.	5.Targeted for embedded market where performance is not critical.
6.Limited power saving options compared to micro-controllers.	6.Includes lot of power saving features.

---

Difference between Harvard Architecture and Von-Neumann Architecture.

Harvard Architecture	Von-Neumann Architecture.
1.Separate buses for instruction and data fetching.	1.Single shared bus for instruction and data fetching.
2.Easier to pipeline , so high performance can be achieved .	2. Low performance compared to Harvard architecture
3.Comparatively high cost.	3. Cheaper
4.No memory alignment problems.	4. Allow self modifying codes.
5.Since data memory and program memory are stores physically in different locations, no chances for accidental corruption of program memory.	5. Since data memory and program memory are stores physically in the same chip , chances for accidental corruption of program memory.

---

Higher knowledge in education system

Education is a continuous process.In the new education system , more emphasis is put on the student and his learning abilities.The learning process has been given its due importance as compared to the teaching process.Hence, it is the aim of all the teaching aids like diagrams,charts,video clips,slides,etc. and methods to make the learning process simple,effective and enjoyable .In fact,rectification of all the queries  and difficulties of a student and motivating him to acquire higher and higher knowledge is the true aim of an education system.

Computers programs can also be developed to test a particular skill and knowledge of a student . Nowadays , some of the examinations are conducted on the computer itself and the results are declared within minutes. Hence the traditional evaluation methods can be replaced by automated evaluation methods.
Moreover,depending on the results of the evaluation,computers can also suggest the methods to improve the skill and knowledge of the student. We should not forget the fact that even some of the websites on the Internet conduct courses on various subjects.If required ,a student can also learn and obtain certificates or degrees on the Internet itself.

Taking into consideration all these facts, we come to the conclusion that the computer is becoming an integral part of our education system .Computers can be used as a valuable tool or resource in teaching and learning at all levels. All students must be encouraged to use computers for learning as well as solving of their problems.Expensive books,remote areas,over population,traditional and less effective teaching and learning aids and all other problems will be eliminated with the implementation of Computers Education in our education in our system.

Nowadays, Internet has become a valuable tool for education system. It is a great source of knowledge.Internet is useful for students as well as experts for obtaining the reference materials and related information on a variety  of subjects like history ,civics,commerce, science and technology , painting, music, entertainment , geography , mathematics , politics , etc. with help of various websites.Presentation is the most important factor of the learning process.For the  students of higher education , computer acts as a computational tool. It can be used to learn various languages.