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Thursday, June 13, 2013

C++ Programs Examples

In Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (Text Editor)-
Follow the steps:-
Step1:-


 Step 2:-


Step 3:-

Step 4:-

Step 5:-

Step 6:-

Step 7:-

Step 8:-

Step 9:-

Step 10:-

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Step 12:-

Step 13:-



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Step 15:-

Step 16:-



1. Program to Display Simple Message:-
#inlude<iostream.h>
void main()
{
cout<<"Welcome to my blog.\n";
cout<<"Thank you for visiting my blog.";
 }
/*************************Output**************************/
Welcome to my blog.
Thank you for visiting my blog.

2. Program to find addition of first 100 numbers:-
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int sum=0,i;
for(i=1;i<100;i++)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
cout<<"Addition of first 100 numbers is:-"<<sum;

}
/*************************Output**************************/
Addition of first 100 numbers is:-5050

3. Program to compute sum of the series:12+22+32+42+....+n2
The value of n should be accepted from user.
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int n,a=1,b,sum=0;
cout<<"Enter the limit n:-";
cin>>n;
do
   {  
       b=a*a;
       sum+=b;
       a++;
    }
while(a<=n);
cout<<"Sum of the series = "<<sum<<endl;
}
/*************************Output**************************/
Enter the limit n:-5
Sum of the series =55
4. Program to convert binary number to decimal number
#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
  {
  int a[10],i,no,j,r=0;
  double sum=0;
  cout<<"Enter Binary Number:-";
  cin>>no;
  i=0;
  while(no>0)
     {
         a[i]=no%10;
         no=no/10;
         i++;
     }
  for(j=0;j<i;j++)
    {
      sum=sum+a[j]*pow(2,r);
      r++;
     }
  cout<<"Decimal Number Is:"<<sum<<endl;
  }
/*************************Output**************************/
Enter Binary Number:-111
Decimal Number Is:-7


5.Program to calculate factorial using recursion function:-
int factorial(int n);
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int n,f;
cout<<"Enter the number of which factorial is to be find:-";
cin>>n;
f=factorial(n);
cout<<"Factorial is :-"<<f;
}
 int factorial(int n)
  {
      int fact=1;
      if(n==1)
          {
                  return1;
           }
          else
           {
              fact=factorial(n-1)*n;
              return(fact);
            }
}
/*************************Output**************************/
Enter the number of which factorial is to be found:-3
Factorial is :-6


6.Program to print the square root of given numbers using standard (built-in ) library function:-
#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
 double n;
 cout<<"Enter a positive number:-";
 cin>>n;
  while(n>0)
   {
    cout<<"Square root of"<<n<<"is:-"<<sqrt(n)<<endl;
   cout<<"Enter the next number or enter 0 to quit:-";
   cin>>n;
  }
}
/*************************Output**************************/
Enter a positive number:-81
Square root of 81 is:-9
Enter the next number or enter 0 to quit:-4
Square root of 4 is:-2
Enter the next number or enter 0 to quit:-0

NOTE:- the above program prints the square root of given numbers using standard (built in) library function sqrt() present in <math.h> file, till the number entered is greater than 0. 

7.C++ Program to display:-
12345
1234
123
12
1
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
 int n=5,m=n,i,j;
  for(i=0;i<n;i++)
   { 
       for(j=1;j<=m;j++)
           {
              cout<<j;
            }
         cout<<endl;
          m--;
     }
  return 0;
}

Explanation:- In the above program second for loop is nested inside the first for loop.Each iteration of first for loop(i) will print one row and second for loop (j) iterates,from (1 to m) for each of the iteration of first for loop .Here newline and m decrement and decrement is given outside the second for loop and inside the first for loop so that output for each of the number is printed on a separate line.

8.C++ program to diplay:-
1
12
123
1234
12345
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
  int  n=5,m=1,i,j;
    for(i=0;i<n;i++)
       {
          for(j=1;j<=m;j++)
              {
                 cout<<j;
               }
          cout<<"\n";
          m++;
        }
     return 0;
}

Explanation:- In the above program for i=0 check i<n if true then for j=1 and check condition j<=m if true then print j then on next line again for i= 1 check i<n if true then for j=2 and so on and display the output
   


9.C++ program to generate Fibonacci series using while loop.
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
    int current=0,prev=0,prev2=1,fibnum;
    cout<<"Enter the number of Fibonacci numbers to compute = ";
    cin>>fibnum;
    cout<<”Fibonacci Series = ”;
    if(fibnum <=0)
          {
        cout<<"Error: Enter a positive number: ";
          }
    while(fibnum--)
          {
        cout<<prev ;
        current=prev + prev2;
        prev=prev2;
        prev2=current;
        if(fibnum)
            cout<<",";
          }
    cout<<endl;
    return 0;
}
/*************************Output**************************/
Enter the number of Fibonacci numbers to compute = 10
Fibonacci Series = 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34

10.To write C++ program to decide the day of a week using switch-case.
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
          int day;
          cout<<”Enter number in the range of 1 to 7 to get corresponding day = ”;
          cin>>day;
          switch(day)
          {
                    case 1: cout<<”Today is Sunday”;
                              break;
case 2: cout<<”Today is Monday”;
                              break;
case 3: cout<<”Today is Tuesday”;
                              break;
case 4: cout<<”Today is Wednesday”;
                              break;
case 5: cout<<”Today is Thursday”;
                              break;
case 6: cout<<”Today is Friday”;
                              break;
case 7: cout<<”Today is Saturday”;
                              break;
default: cout<<”Not a valid day”;
                              break;
         }
}
/*************************Output**************************/
Enter number in the range of 1 to 7 to get corresponding day = 4
Today is Wednesday

11.C++ program to print the square root and raise to power of given numbers using standard (built in) library function.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
          double number,x,y;
         cout<<"Enter a positive number = ";
         cin>>number;
              while(number>0)
                      {
                              cout<<"Square root of "<<number<<" is = "<<sqrt(number)<<endl;
                              cout<<"Enter the next number or enter 0 to quit = ";
                              cin>>number;
                      }
          cout<<"Enter the value of x = ";
          cin>>x;
          cout<<"Enter the value of y = ";
          cin>>y;
          cout<<x<<" raise to "<<y<<" is = "<<pow(x,y)<<endl;
}
/*************************Output**************************/
Enter a positive number = 64
Square root of 64 is = 8
Enter the next number or enter 0 to quit = 81
Square root of 81 is =9
Enter the next number or enter 0 to quit =0
Enter the value of x = 5
Enter the value of y = 4
5 raise to 4 is = 625
 
12.Write C++ program to calculate the area of circle and rectangle using overloaded function area.
double area(int);
int area(int,int);
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
          int r,l,b;
          double ac,ar;
          cout<<"Enter the value of  Length = ";
          cin>>l;
           cout<<"Enter the value of Breadth = ";
          cin>>b;
          ar=area(l,b);
          cout<<"Area of rectangle is = "<<ar<<endl;
          cout<<"Enter the value of radius =";
          cin>>r;
          ac=area(r);
          cout<<"Area of circle is = "<<ac;
}
double area(int r)
{       
    double area1;
          const double pi=3.14;
          area1=(pi*r*r);
          return area1;
}
int area(int l,int b)
{       
    int area2=l*b;
          return area2;
}
/*************************Output**************************/
Enter the value of Length = 3
Enter the value of Breadth = 5
Area of rectangle is = 15
Enter the value of radius = 3
Area of circle is = 28.26

13.C++ program to swap two numbers using functions.
#include<iostream.h>
void swap(int *,int *);
void main()
{
          int var1,var2,tmp;
          cout<<”Enter value of Variable 1:”;
          cin>>var1;
          cout<<”Enter value of Variable 2:”;
          cin>>var2;
          cout<<”Values of variables before Function Call:”;
          cout<<var1<<”/t”<<var2;
          swap(&var1,&var2);
          cout<<”\nValues of variables after Function Call:”;
}
void swap(int *a,int *b)
{
          int tmp;
          tmp=*a;
          *a=*b;
          *b=tmp;
}
/*************************Output**************************/
 Enter value of Variable1:3
Enter value of Variable2:4
Values of variable before Function Call: 3 4
Values of variable after Function Call: 4   3

14 .C++ program to count the words in text:-
#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
    int i,len,w=0;
    char line[80];
    cout<<"Type your text:-";
    cout<<"\n";
    cin.getline(line,80);
    len=strlen(line);
    for(i=0;i<len;i++)
    {
        if(line[i]==' ')
            w++;
    }
    cout<<"Words in text typed by you are = "<<w+1;
    cout<<"\n";
}


Output:-
 Type your text:-
Welcome to the blog - Vijay Marwaha
Words in text typed by you are =7

Saturday, June 8, 2013

C++ programming

Programming in C++ :-

Programming in C++ can be done on Turbo C++,Microsoft Visual Studio IDE very easily they provide built- in editor and menu bar ,program should be saved with .cpp file extension in it like example.cpp.

C++ programmer should know about the data types used in it.
There are 3 types of it:-
1.Built-in data types
2.User defined
3.Derived
1.Built-in type include 3 types they areas follows:-
    I)Integral - i)int
                     ii)char
    II)Floating - i)float
                      ii)double
2.User defined type include 4 types they areas follows:-
    I ) Structure
    II ) Union
    III ) Class
    IV ) Enumeration
3.Derived  type include 3 types they areas follows:-
     I ) Pointer
    II ) Array
    III ) Function

           Each of the fundamental types has a fixed size that determines the range of values that can be stored in them (for integers) or the precision and range of those values (for floating point numbers). A char variable is of the natural size to hold a character on a given machine (typically an 8-bit byte), and the sizes of other types are quoted in multiples of the size of a char. The size of a type is implementation defined (i.e., it can vary among different machines) and can be obtained by the size of operator; for example size of (char) equals 1 and size of (int) is often 4.
          Simple programming in C++ can be done using header files mostly used header file in simple programming is #include<iostream.h> it means that there are built in standard C++ library which has iostream file file in above case where io means the input and output steam in programming <> these are the brackets for header file.It is use to take and display the data from cin>> and cout<< where << and >> are the operators.

Memory management :-

C++ supports four types of memory management:
  1.Static memory allocation. :- 
    A static variable is assigned a value at compile-time, and allocated storage in a fixed location along with the executable code. These are declared with the "static" keyword (in the sense of static storage, not in the sense of declaring a class variable).
  2. Automatic memory allocation. :-
     An automatic variable is simply declared with its class name, and storage is allocated on the stack when the value is assigned. The constructor is called when the declaration is executed, the destructor is called when the variable goes out of scope, and after the destructor the allocated memory is automatically freed.
  3.Dynamic memory allocation.:-
     Storage can be dynamically allocated on the heap using manual memory management - normally calls to new and delete (though old-style C calls such as malloc() and free() are still supported).
  4.Garbage collection :-
    With the use of a library, garbage collection is possible. The Boehm garbage collector is commonly used for this purpose.

The fine control over memory management is similar to C, but in contrast with languages that intend to hide such details from the programmer, such as Java, Perl, PHP, and Ruby.

Operators and operator overloading:-

1. C++ provides more than 35 operators, covering basic arithmetic, bit manipulation, indirection, comparisons, logical operations and others.
2. Almost all operators can be overloaded for user-defined types, with a few notable exceptions such as member access (. and .*) as well as the conditional operator.
3. The rich set of over-loadable operators is central to using user created types in C++ as well and as easily as built in types.
4.The over-loadable operators are also an essential part of many advanced C++ programming techniques, such as smart pointers.
5. Overloading an operator does not change the precedence of calculations involving the operator, nor does it change the number of operands that the operator uses.
6.Overloaded "&&" and "||" operators lose their short-circuit evaluation property.

Features of object-oriented programming :-

  1. Programs are divided into objects and different objects communicate with each through messages,called methods.
  2. Emphasis is given on data rather than procedure.
  3. Data is hidden and can't be accessed or altered by external functions.
  4. Functions operating on data of  an object are encapsulated.
  5. New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
  6. Follows bottom-up approach in program design.
C++ fully supports object-oriented programming,including the four pillars of object-oriented development:-
  I)   Abstraction
  II)  Encapsulation
  III)  Inheritance
  IV) Polymorphism

C++ as Object Oriented Language:
      Object Oriented programming techniques are the best ways,to develop large ,complex software applications and systems.C++ can be used both as an OOPL and simply as a better C.C++ programs are fast and  efficient,which helped to make C++,an extremely popular language.It uses templates,static polymorphism,dynamic polymorphism,generic programming,inheritance;data binding and encapsulation,etc. which covers most of  the object-oriented concepts.
      Also C++ supports a programming technique that allows memory management to be safe and implicit.There are constructors and destructors in C++ programming which has god  role for programming.
The constructors are those which have the same name function as that of class in the a program.

TOKENS
The smallest individual units in aprogram are known as tokens.C++ has the following tokens:
  • Keywords
  • Identifiers
  • Constants
  • String
  • Operators
A C++ program is written using those tokens,white-spaces,and syntax of the language.






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